1 Introduction

1.1 Aims and Concepts

1.2 Outline of the Book and a lot of References

1.3 Some Personal Thoughts

1.4 Problems

References to Chap.1

2 Maxwell's Equations,Photons and the Density of States

2.1 Maxwell's Equations

2.2 Electromagnetic Radiation in Vacuum

2.3 Electromagnetic Radiation in Matter;Linear Optics

2.4 Transverse.Longitudinal and Surface Waves

2.5 Photons and Some Aspects of Quantum Mechanics and of Dispersion Relations

2.6 Density of States and Occupation Probabilities

2.7 Problems

References to Chap.2

3 Interaction of Light with Matter

3.1 Macroscopic Aspects for Solids

3.1.1 Boundary Conditions

3.1.2 Laws of Reflection and Refraction

3.1.3 Noether's Theorem and Some Aspects of Conservation Laws

3.1.4 Reflection and Transmission at an Interface and Fresnel's Formulae

3.1.5 Extinction and Absorption of Light

3.1.6 Transmission Through a Slab of Matter and Fabry Perot Modes

3.1.7 Birefringence and Dichroism

3.1.8 Optical Activity

3.2 Microscopic Aspects

3.2.1 Absorption,Stimulated and Spontaneous Emission,Virtual Excitation

3.2.2 Perturbative Treatment of the Linear Interaction of Light with Matter

3.3 Problems

References to Chap.3

4 Ensemble of Uncoupled Oscillators

4.1 Equations of Motion and the Dielectric Function

4.2 Corrections Due to Quantum Mechanics and Local Fields

4.3 Spectra of the Dielectric Function and of the Complex Index of Refraction

4.4 The Spectra of Reflection and Transmission

4.5 Interaction of Close Lying Resonances

4.6 Problems

References to Chap.4

5 The Concept of Polaritons

5.1 Polaritons as New Quasiparticles

5.2 Dispersion Relation of Polaritons

5.3 Polaritons in Solids,Liquids and Gases and from the IR to the X-ray Region

5.3.1 Common Optical Properties of Polaritons

5.3.2 How the k-vector Develops

5.4 Coupled Oscillators and Polaritons with Spatial Dispersion

5.4.1 Dielectric Function and the Polariton States with Spatial Dispersion

5.4.2 Reflection and Transmission and Additional Boundary Conditions

5.5 Real and Imaginary Parts of Wave Vector and Frequency

5.6 Surface Polaritons

5.7 Problems

References to Chap.5

6 Kramers-Kronig Relations

6.1 General Concepts

6.2 Problem

References to ChaP.6

7 Crystals,Lattices,Lattice Vibrations and Phonons

7.1 Adiabatic Approximation

7.2 Lattices and Crystal Structures in Real and Reciprocal Space

7.3 Vibrations of a String

7.4 Linear Chains

7.5 Three-Dimensional Crystals

7.6 Quantization of Lattice Vibrations:Phonons and the Concept of Quasiparticles

7.7 The Density of States and Phonon Statistics

7.8 Phonons in Alloys

7.9 Defects and Localized Phonon Modes

7.10 Phonons in Superlattices and in other Structures of Reduced Dimensionality

7.11 Problems

References to Chap.7

8 Electrons in a Periodic Crystal

8.1 Bloch's Theorem

8.2 Metals,Semiconductors,Insulators

8.3 An Overview of Semiconducting Materials

8.4 Electrons and Holes in Crystals as New Quasiparticles

8.5 The Effective-Mass Concept

8.6 The Polaron Concept and Other Electron-Phonon Interaction Processes

8.7 Some Basic Approaches to Band Structure Calculations

8.8 Bandstructures of Real Semiconductors

8.9 Density of States,Occupation Probability and Critical Points

8.10 Electrons and Holes in Quantum Wells and Superlattices

8.11 Growth of Quantum Wells and of Superlattices

8.12 Quantum Wires

8.13 Quantum Dots

8.14 Defects.Defect States and Doping

8.15 Disordered Systems and Localization

8.16 Problems

References to Chap.8

9 Excitons,Biexcitons and Trions

9.1 Wannier and Frenkel Excitons

9.2 Corrections to the Simple Exciton Model

9.3 The Influence of Dimensionality

9.4 Biexcitons and Trions

9.5 Bound Exciton Complexes

9.6 Excitons in Disordered Systems

9.7 Problems

References to Chap.9

10 Plasmons,Magnons and some Further Elementary Excitations

10.1 Plasmons,Pair Excitations and Plasmon-Phonon Mixed States

10 2 Magnons and Magnetic Polarons

10.3 Problems

References to Chap.10

11 Optical Properties of Phonons

11.1 Phonons in Bulk Semiconductors

11.1.1 Reflection Spectra

11.1.2 Raman Scattering

11.1.3 Phonon Polaritons

11.1.4 Brillouin Scattering

11.1.5 Surface Phonon Polaritons

11.1.6 Phonons in Alloys

11.1.7 Defects and Localized Phonon Modes

11.2 Phonons in Superlattices

11.2.1 Backfolded Acoustic Phonons

11.2.2 Confined Optic Phonons

11.2.3 Interface Phonons

11.3 Phonons in Quantum Dots

11.4 Problems

References to Chap.11

12 Optical Properties of Plasmons,Plasmon-Phonon Mixed States and of Magnons

12.1 Surface Plasmons

12.2 Plasmon-Phonon Mixed States

12.3 Plasmons in Systems of Reduced Dimensionality

12.4 Optical Properties of Magnons

12.5 Problems

References to Chap.12

13 Optical Properties of Intrinsic Excitons in Bulk Semiconductors

13.1 Excitons with strong Oscillator Strength

13.1.1 Exciton-Photon Coupling

13.1.2 Consequences of Spatial Dispersion

13.1.3 Spectra of Reflection,Transmission and Lumineseence

13.1.4 Spectroscopy in Momentum Space

13.1.5 Surface-Exciton Polaritons

13.1.6 Excitons in Organic Semiconductors and in Insulators

13.1.7 Optical Transitions Above the Fundamental Gap and Core Excitons

13.2 Forbidden Exciton Transitions

13.2.1 Direct Gap Semiconductors

13.2.1.1 Triplet States and Related Transitions

13.2.1.2 Parity Forbidden Band-to-Band Transitions

13.2.2 Indirect Gap Semiconductors

13.3 Intraexcitonic Transitions

13.4 Problems

References to Chap.13

14 Optical Properties of Bound and Localized Excitons and of Defect States

14.1 Bound-Exciton and Multi-exciton Complexes

14.2 Donor-Acceptor Pairs and Related Transitions

14.3 Internal Transitions and Deep Centers

14.4 Excitons in Disordered Systems

14.5 Problems

References to Chap.14

15 Optical Properties of Excitons in Structures of Reduced Dimensionality

15.1 QantumW ells

15.2 Coupled Quantum Wells and Superlattices

15.3 Quantum Wires

15.4 Quantum Dots

15.5 Problems

References to Chap.15

16 Excitons Under the Influence of External Fields

16.1 Magnetic Fields

16.1.1 Nonmagnetic Bulk Semiconductors

16.1.2 Diluted Magnetic Bulk Semiconductors

16.1.3 Semiconductor Structures of Reduced Dimensionality

16.2 Electric Fields

16.2.1 Bulk Semiconductors

16.2.2 Semiconductor Structures of Reduced Dimensionality

16.3 Strain Fields

16.3.1 Bulk Semiconductors

16.3.2 Structures of Reduced Dimensionality

16.4 Problems

References to Chap.16

17 From Cavity Polaritons to Photonic Crystals

17.1 Cavity Polaritons

17.1.1 The Empty Resonator

17.1.2 Cavity Polaritons

17.2 Photonic Crystals and Photonic Band Gap Structures

17.2.1 Introduction to the Basic Concepts

17.2.2 Realization of Photonic Crystals and Applications

17.3 Photonic Atoms,Molecules and Crystals

17.4 Further Developments of Photonic Crystals

17.5 A Few Words about Metamaterials

17.6 Problerns

References to Chap.17

18 Review of the Linear Optical Properties

18.1 Review of the Linear Optical Properties

18.2 Problem

References to Chap.18

19 High Excitation Effects and Nonlinear Optics

19.1 Introduction and Definition

19.2 General Scenario for High Excitation Effects

19.3 Beyond the x(n)Approximations

19.4 Problems

References to Chap.19

20 The Intermediate Density Regime

20.1 Two-Photon Absorption by Excitons

20.2 Elastic and Inelastic Scattering Processes

20.3 Biexcitons and Trions

20.3.1 Bulk Semiconductors

20.3.2 Structures ofReduced Dimensionality

20.4 Optical or ac Stark Effect

20.5 Excitonic Bose-Einstein Condensation

20.5.1 Basic Properties

20.5.2 Attempts to find BEC in Bulk Semiconductors

20.5.3 Structures of Reduced Dimensionality

20.5.4 Driven Excitonic Bose-Einstein Condensations

20.5.5 Excitonic Insulators and Other Systems

20.5.6 Conclusion and Outlook

20.6 Photo-thermal Optical Nonlinearities

20.7 Problems

References to Chap.20

21 The Electron-Hole Plasma

21.1 The Mott Density

21.2 Band Gap Renormalization and Phase Diagram

21.3 Electron Hole Plasmas in Bulk Semiconductors

21.3.1 Indirect Gap Materials

21.3.2 Electron-Hole Plasmas in Direct-Gap Semiconductors

21.4 Electron Hole Plasma in Structures of Reduced Dimensionality

21.5 Inter-subband Transitions in Unipolar and Bipolar Plasmas

21.5.1 Bulk Semiconductors

21.5.2 Structures of Reduced Dimensionality

21.6 Problems

References to Chap.21

22 Stimulated Emission and Laser Processes

22.1 Excitonic Processes

22.2 Electron-Hole Plasmas

22.3 Basic Concepts of Laser Diodes and Present Research Trends

22.4 Problems

References to Chap.22

23 Time Resolved Spectroscopy

23.1 The Basic Time Constants

23.2 Decoherence and Phase Relaxation

23.2.1 Determination of the Phase Relaxation Times

23.2.1.1 Four-Wave Mixing Experiments

23.2.1.2 Other Techniques and Coherent Processes

23.2.2 Quantum Coherence,Coherent Control and Non-Markovian Decay

23.2.2.1 Markovian versus Non-Markovian Damping

23.2.2.2 Damping by LO Phonon Emission and Other Processes

23.2.2.3 Rabi Oscillations

23.3 Intra-Subband and Inter-Subband Relaxation

23.3.1 Formation Times of Various Collective Excitations

23.3.2 Intraband and Inter-subband Relaxation

23.3.3 Transport Properties

23.4 Interband Recombination

23.5 Problems

References to Chap.23

24 Optical Bistability,Optical Computing,Spintronics and Quantum Computing

24.1 Optical Bistability

24.1.1 Basic Concepts and Mechanisms

24.1.2 Dispersive Optical Bistability

24.1.3 Optical Bistability Due to Bleaching

24.1.4 Induced Absorptive Bistability

24.1.5 Electro-Optic Bistability

24.1.6 Nonlinear Dynamics

24.2 Device Ideas,Digital Optical Computing and Why It Failed

24.3 Spintronics

24.4 Quantum Computing

24.5 Problems

References to Chap.24

25 Experimental Methods

25.1 Linear Optical Spectroscopy

25.1.1 Equipment for Linear Spectroscopy

25.1.2 Techniques and Results

25.2 Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy

25.2.1 Equipment for Nonlinear Optics

25.2.2 Experimental Techniques and Results

25.2.2.1 One Beam Methods

25.2.2.2 Pump-and-Probe Beam Spectroscopy

25.2.2.3 Four-Wave Mixing and Laser-Induced Gratings

25.3 Time-Resolved Spectroscopy

25.3.1 Equipment for Time-Resolved Spectroscopy

25.3.2 Experimental Techniques and Results

25.3.2.1 Lifetime Measurements

25.3.2.2 Intraband and Intersubband Relaxation

25.3.2.3 Coherent Processes

25.4 Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy

25.4.1 Equipment for Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy

25.4.2 Experimental Techniques and Results

25.5 Spectroscopy Under the Influence of External Fields

25.5.1 Equipment for Spectroscopy Under the Influence of External Fields

25.5.2 Experimental Techniques and Results

25.6 Problems

References to Chap.25

26 Group Theory in Semiconductor Optics

26.1 Introductory Remarks

26.2 Some Aspects of Abstract Group Theory for Crystals

26.2.1 Some Abstract Definitions

26.2.2 Classification of the Group Elements

26.2.3 Isomorphism and Homomorphism of Groups

26.2.4 Some Examples of Groups

26.3 Theory of Representations and of Characters

26.4 Hamilton Operator and Group Theory

26.5 Applications to Semiconductors Optics

26.6 Some Selected Group Tables

26.7 Problems

References to Chap.26

27 Semiconductor Bloch Equations

27.1 Dynamics of a Two-Level System

27.1.1 Wave-Function Description

27.1.2 Polarization and Inversion as State Variables

27.1.3 Pseudo-Spin Formulation

27.1.4 Linear Response of a Two Level System

27.2 Optical Bloch Equations

27.2.1 Interband susceptibility

27.3 Semiconductor Bloch Equations

27.3.1 Excitons

27.4 Coherent Processes

27.4.1 Pump-Probe

27.4.2 Four-Wave Mixing

27.4.3 Photon Echo

27.5 Problems

References to Chap.27

The Final Problem

Subject Index