Introduction

1 What Is Number Theory?

2 Pythagorean Triples

3 Pythagorean Triples and the Unit Circle

4 Sums of Higher Powers and Fermat's Last Theorem

5 Divisibility and the Greatest Common Divisor

6 Linear Equations and the Greatest Common Divisor

7 Factorization and the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic

8 Congruences

9 Congruences,Powers,and Fermat's Little Theorem

10 Congruences,Powers,and Euler's Formula

11 Euler's Phi Function and the Chinese Remainder Theorem

12 Prime Numbers

13 Counting Primes

14 Mersenne Primes

15 Mersenne Primes and Perfect Numbers

16 Powers Modulo m and Successive Squaring

17 Computing kth Roots Modulo m

18 Powers,Roots,and"Unbreakable"Codes

19 Primality Testing and Carmichael Numbers

20 Euler's Phi Function and Sums of Divisors

21 Powers Modulo p and Primitive Roots

22 Primitive Roots and Indices

23 Squares Modulo p

24 Is-1 a Square Modulo p?Is 2?

25 Quadratic Reciprocity

26 Which Primes Are Sums of Two Squares?

27 Which Numbers Are Sums of Two Squares?

28 The Equation X4+Y4=Z4

29 Square-Triangular Numbers Revisited

30 Pell's Equation

31 Diophantine Approximation

32 Diophantine Approximation and Pell's Equation

33 Number Theory and Imaginary Numbers

34 The Gaussian Integers and Unique Factorization

35 Irrational Numbers and Transcendental Numbers

36 Binomial Coefficients and Pascal's Triangle

37 Fibonacci's Rabbits and Linear Recurrence Sequences

38 Oh,What a Beautiful Function

39 The Topsy-Turvy World of Continued Fractions

40 Continued Fractions,Square Roots,and Pell's Equation

41 Generating Functions

42 Sums of Powers

43 Cubic Curves and Elliptic Curves

44 Elliptic Curves with Few Rational Points

45 Points on Elliptic Curves Modulo p

46 Torsion Collections Modulo p and Bad Primes

47 Defect Bounds and Modularity Patterns

48 Elliptic Curves and Fermat's Last Theorem

Further Reading

A Factorization of Small Composite Integers

B A List of Primes

Index