Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 What is Two-Phase Flow

1.2 Methods of Analysis

1.3 Notation

Chapter 2 Flow Pattern and Flow Pattern Map

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Flow Patterns in Vertical Flows

2.2.1 Flow patterns in vertical co-current flow

2.2.2 Flow patterns in vertical heated channels

2.3 Flow Patterns in Horizontal Flows

2.3.1 Flow patterns in horizontal co-current flow

2.3.2 Flow patterns in horizontal heated channel

2.4 Flow Pattern Maps and Transitions

2.4.1 Typical flow pattern maps

2.4.2 Criteria for flow pattern transitions

2.5 Flow Patterns in Other Applications

Chapter 3 Basic Models

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Drift Flux Model

3.3 Two-Fluid Model

3.4 Homogeneous Model

3.4.1 Conservation of mass

3.4.2 Conservation of momentum

3.4.3 Conservation of energy

3.5 Separated Flow Model

3.6 Overview

Chapter 4 Empirical Methods for Pressure Drop

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Correlations Based on the Homogeneous Model

4.3 Correlations Based on the Separated Flow Model

4.3.1 Correlations from momentum balance

4.3.2 Use of model to evaluate pressure loss

4.3.3 Determination of the two-phase multiplier

4.4 Pressure Losses Through Enlargements,Contractions,Orifices,Bends,and Valves

4.4.1 Sudden enlargement

4.4.2 Sudden contraction

4.4.3 Orifices

4.5 Annular Flow

4.6 Void Fraction

4.6.1 Homogeneous model

4.6.2 Drift-flux model

4.6.3 The Bankoff variable density model

4.6.4 The Hughmark correlation

4.7 Conclusions

Chapter 5 Two-Phase Critical Flow

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Theoretical Foundations

5.3 Critical Flow in Long Pipes

5.4 Critical Flow in Short Pipes,Nozzles and Orifices

5.5 Propagation of Pressure Pulses and Waves

Chapter 6 Introduction to Hydrodynamic Instability

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Classifications of Two-Phase Flow Instabilities

6.3 Physical Mechanisms of Static Instabilities

6.3.1 Fundamental static instability

6.3.2 Fundamental relaxation instability

6.3.3 Compound relaxationinstability

6.4 Physical Mechanisms of Dynamic Instabilities

6.4.1 Fundamental dynamic instability

6.4.2 Acoustic instability

6.4.3 Density-wave oscillations

6.4.4 Pressure-drop oscillations

6.4.5 Condensing instability

6.4.6 Thermal oscillations

6.4.7 Boiling water reactor instability

6.4.8 Parallel channel instability

6.5 Approaches in Two-Phase Flow Stability Analysis

6.5.1 Direct numerical analysis

6.5.2 Frequency-domain analysis

6.6 Situations Where Instability Arise

6.7 The Designer's Requirements

6.8 Problems Arising in the Application of Models and Tests to Designs

Chapter 7 Introduction to Nucleation in Boiling

7.1 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium

7.1.1 Equilibrium criterion

7.1.2 P-v-T diagram

7.1.3 Equation of state

7.1.4 Metastable state

7.1.5 Clausius-Clapeyron equation

7.1.6 Thermodynamic equilibrium at a curved interface

7.2 Homogeneous Nucleation

7.2.1 Equilibrium condition for a embryo bubble

7.2.2 Mechanism of nucleation

7.3 Heterogeneous Nucleation

7.3.1 Contact angle and wettability

7.3.2 Nucleation at solid surfaces

7.3.3 Nucleation from entrapped gas or vapor in cavities

7.3.4 Size Range of Active Nucleation Sites

7.4 Bubble Dynamics

7.4.1 Bubble growth in an extensive liquid pool

7.4.2 Bubble growth near heated surfaces

7.4.3 Diameter and frequency of Bubble departure

Chapter 8 Pool Boiling

8.1 Nukiyama Boiling Curve

8.2 Regimes of Pool Boiling

8.3 Nucleate Boiling

8.3.1 Inception of boiling(Onset of Nucleate Boiling)

8.3.2 Heat transfer mechanisms in nucleate boiling

8.3.3 Nucleate Pool Boiling Correlations

8.4 Departure From Nucleate Pool Boiling

8.4.1 Transitional boiling regime and Taylor instability

8.4.2 Helmhohtz instability of vapor jets

8.4.3 Prediction of critical heat flux

8.5 Film Boiling

8.6 Minimum Heat Flux

Chapter 9 Flow Boiling

9.1 Regimes of Convective Boiling in Tubes

9.2 Onset of Boiling in Internal Flows

9.3 Subcooled Flow Boiling

9.3.1 Regimes of subcooled flow boiling

9.3.2 Methods of predicting partial subcooled flow boiling heat transfer

9.3.3 Void fraction and pressure drop in subcooled boiling

9.4 Saturated Flow Boiling

9.4.1 Regimes of saturated flow boiling

9.4.2 Heat transfer correlations for saturated flow boiling

9.5 Critical Heat Flux in Flow Boiling

9.5.1 Mechanisms

9.5.2 Prediction of CHF in flow boiling

References