Part one Communication and Intercultural Competence

1 Introduction to Intercultural Competence

The Imperative for Intercultural Competence

The Economic Imperative for Intercultural Competence

The Technological Imperative for Intercultural Competence

The Demographic Imperative for Intercultural Competence

The Peace Imperative for Intercultural Competence

Communication

Defining Communication

Characteristics of Communication

Interpersonal Communication

The Challenge of Communicating in an Intercultural World

Summary

For Discussion

For Further Reading

2 Culture and Intercultural Communication

Culture

Defining Culture for the Study of Communication

Culture and Related Terms

Why Cultures Differ

Forces That Maintain Cultural Differences

The Interrelatedness of Cultural Forces

Intercultural Communication

Examples of Intercultural Interactions

Similarities and Differences between Communicators

Definition of Intercultural Communication

Intercultural Communication and Related Terms

Summary

For Discussion

For Further Reading

3 Intercultural Communication Competence

The United States as an Intercultural Community

Metaphors of U.S.Cultural Diversity

What Do You Call Someone from the United States of America?

Cultural Groups in the United States

Competence and Intercultural Communication

Intercultural Communication Competence

The Components of Intercultural Competence

Basic Tools for Improving Intercultural Competence

The BASICs of Intercultural Competence

Description,Interpretation,and Evaluation

Summary

For Discussion

For Further Reading

Part two Cultural Differences in Communication

4 Cultural pattems and Communication: Foundations

Defining Cultural Patterns

Components of Cultural Patterns

Beliefs

Values

Norms

Social Practices

Characteristics of Cultural Patterns

The Functions of Cultural Patterns

An Overview of Cultural Patterns

Cultural Patterns and Intercultural Competence

Summary

For Discussion

For Further Reading

5 Cultural Patterns and Communication:Taxonomies

Hall's High-and Low-Context Cultural Taxonomy

Use of Covert and Overt Messages

Importance of Ingroups and Outgroups

Orientation to Time

Hofstede's Cultural Taxonomy

Individualism versus Collectivism

Uncertainty Avoidance

Power Distance

Masculinity versus Femininity

Long-Term versus Short-Term Time Orientation

Comparing Hofstede's Five Dimensions

Confucian Cultural Patterns

Cultural Taxonomies and Intercultural Competence

Summary

For Discussion

For Further Reading

6 Cultural Identity,Cultural Biases,and Intercultural Contact

Cultural Identity

The Nature of Identity

The Formation of Cultural Identity

Characteristics of Cultural Identity

Cultural Biases

Social Categorizing

Ethnocentrism

Stereotyping

Prejudice

Discrimination

Racism

Intercultural Contact

Dominance and Subordination between Groups

Attitudes among Cuhural Members

Outcomes of Intercultural Contact

Becoming an Interculturally Competent Communicator

Identity,Biases,Contact,and Intercultural Competence

Summary

For Discussion

For Further Reading

Part three Coding Intercultural Communication

7 Verbal Intercultural Communication

The Power of Language in Intercultural Communication

Definition of Verbal Codes

The Features of Language

Rule Systems in Verbal Codes

Interpretation and Intercultural Communication

Language,Thought,Culture,and Intercultural Communication

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis of Linguistic Relativity

Language and Intercultural Communication

Verbal Codes and Intercultural Competence

Summary

For Discussion

For Further Reading

8 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication

Definition of Nonverbal Codes

Characteristics of Nonverbal Codes

Relationship of Nonverbal to Verbal Communication

Cultural Universals in Nonverbal Communication

Cultural Variations in Nonverbal Communication

Nonverbal Messages in Intercultural Communication

Body Movements

Space

Touch

Time

Voice

Other Nonverbal Code Systems

Synchrony of Nonverbal Communication Codes

Nonverbal Communication and Intercultural Competence

Summary

For Discussion

For Further Reading

9 The Effects of Code Usage in Intercultural Communication

Preferences in the Organization of Verbal Codes

Organizational Preferences in the Use of U.S.English

Organizational Preferences in Other Languages and Cultures

Cultural Variations in Persuasion

Persuasion in Intercultural Encounters

Cultural Differences in What Is Acceptable as Evidence

Cultural Differences in What Is Considered Reasonable

CulturaI Differences in Styles of Persuasion

Cultural Variations in the Structure of Conversations

Value of Talk and Silence

Rules for Conversations

Effects of Code Usage on Intercultural Competence

Summary

For Discussion

For Further Reading

Part four Communication in Intercultural Relationships

10 Intercultural Competence in Interpersonal Relationships

Cultural Variations in Interpersonal Relationships

Types of Interpersonal Relationships

Dimensions of Interpersonal Relationships

Dynamics of Interpersonal Relationships

The Maintenance of Face in Interpersonal Relationships

Types of Face Needs

Facework and Interpersonal Communication

Facework and Intercultural Communication

Improving Intercultural Relationships

Learning about People from Other Cultures

Sharing Oneself with People from Other Cultures

Handling Differences in Intercultural Relationships

Interpersonal Relationships and Intercultural Competence

Summary

For Discussion

For Further Reading

11 Episodes,Contexts,and Intercultural Interactions

Social Episodes in Intercultural Relationships

The Nature of Social Episodes

Components of Social Episodes

Contexts for Intercultural Communication

The Health Care Context

The Educational Context

The Business Context

Episodes,Contexts,and Intercultural Competence

Summary

For Discussion

For Further Reading

12 The Potential for Intercultural Competence

The Ethics of Intercultural Competence

When in Rome．．．

Are Cultural Values Relative or Universal?

Do the Ends Justify the Means?

Ethics—Your Choices

The Perils and Prospects for Intercultural Competence

Impact of National and International Events on Intercultural Communication

Forces That Pull Us Together and Apart

Summary

Concluding Remarks

For Discussion

For Further Reading

Resources

Intercultural Films

Online Resources

Notes

Photo Credits

Text Credits

Author Index

Subject Index