1 A general approach to teaching English

Introduction

Recognizing success in teaching English

Teachers and teaching

Co-ordination of English language departments

Establishing goals and objectives in teaching English

Variations in course goals

Communication first and last

English as the main classroom language

Routine communicative activities

A general model of English teaching

Creating conditions for learning

Learner participation

Motivation

Summary

Project

2 Presenting new language items

Introduction

New items in an English language course

What you need to know about new items

Functional-grammatical items

Presenting new functional-grammatical items

Teaching analysis and planning

Presentation procedures

Coursebook material

The place of writing in presentation

Writing for clarification and consolidation

From presentation to practice

Summary

Project

3 Organizing language practice

Introduction

The difference between accuracy and fuency practice

Practice and communication

Oral accuracy practice

Language patterns and substitution

Accuracy practice and communication

Information gaps

Elicitation in accuracy practice

Interactions

Topics and activities

Oral fluency practice

Types of fluency activity

Feedback and correction in oral practice

Feedback and correction in accuracy work

Feedback and correction in fluency work

Written practice

Summary

Project

4 Handling vocabulary

Introduction

Vocabulary in language teaching and learning

Dealing with new vocabulary

Meaning and use in communication

Pronunciation and spelling

Grammar

Working on vocabulary

Remedial work

Summary

Project

5 Developing spoken communication skills

Introduction

Communication

Communication outside the classroom

Communication in the classroom

The four skills

Listening

Classroom listening

Recorded texts

Speaking

Classroom speaking

Speaking activities

Summary

Project

6 Developing written communication skills

Introduction

Spoken and written language

Reading comprehension

Ways of reading

Reading activities

Reading outside the classroom

Writing

Writing activities

Integrating skills

Summary

Project

7 Review and remedial work

Introduction

The need for review and remedial work

The language learning process

Input,imitation,and cognitive hypotheses

Subconscious and conscious processes

Errors and learning

Pedagogical and natural syllabuses

Variables

Implications for review and remedial work

Review activities

Remedial work

Personalized remedial work

Summary

Project

8 Planning and managing classes

Introduction

Long-term planning

The course syllabus

Syllabus units

Short-term planning

Workplans

Lesson planning

Class management

Getting attention and participation

Giving and checking instructions

Managing pair and groupwork

Teacher and learner roles

Discipline

Different teaching situations

Children's courses

Large groups

Summary

Project

9 Working with a coursebook

Introduction

Ways of using a coursebook

What coursebooks can offer

The syllabus

Language presentation material

Language practice material

Skills development material

A sequence of work

Recycling and review of language

Additional material

What a coursebook cannot provide

Preparing to use a new coursebook

Exploiting a coursebook

Using language presentation material

Using language practice material

Using skills development material

Using review and clarification material

Lesson planning around coursebook material

Choosing a coursebook

Summary

Project

10 Teaching aids and materials

Introduction

Different teaching contexts

Using the board

Writing and general organization

Board drawing

Designing and using prepared visual materials

Wall-charts

Cue-cards

Real and imaginary objects

Realia

Mime and gesture

Audio-cassettes

Materials and activities

Video

Selecting material

Summary

Project

11 Testing and evaluation

Introduction

Teaching,testing,and evaluation

Teaching and testing

Testing and evaluation

Basic aspects of testing

Types of test

Validity and reliability

Balancing validity and reliability

Writing and evaluating achievement tests

Comparing tests

Test exercises and tasks

Improving tests

Evaluating learning,teaching,and courses

Evaluating learning

Evaluating teaching

Evaluating courses

Summary

Project

12 Development in teaching English

Introduction

Teachers and ways of teaching

Approach and method

A survey of approaches and methods

The Grammar-translation Method

The Direct Method

Situational Language Teaching

The Audiolingual Method

Alternative methods

Communicative Language Teaching

The'Course Design Approach'

Current Developments

Learner-centred Teaching

Task-based Learning

Developing as a teacher

Self-development

Co-operative development

Formal development

Summary

Project A

Project B

Glossary

Sources and further reading

Index