Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Historic development

1.2 Structural materials and structural design

1.3 Physical properties

1.3.1 Density，apparent density and packing density of matter

1.3.1.1 Density

1.3.1.2 Apparent density

1.3.1.3 Packing density

1.3.2 Porosity and void percentage

1.3.2.1 Porosity

1.3.2.2 Void percentage

1.3.3 Physical properties relevant to water

1.3.3.1 Hydrophilicity and hydrophobility

1.3.3.2 Water adsorption

1.3.3.3 Hygroscopicity

1.3.3.4 Water resistance（coefficient of softening）

1.3.3.5 Water impermeability

1.3.3.6 Frost resistance

1.3.4 Physical properties relevant to thermal effects

1.3.4.1 Thermal conductivity

1.3.4.2 Thermal capacity and specific heat capacity

1.3.4.3 Thermal expansion

1.3.4.4 Fire resistance and refractoriness

1.4 Chemical properties

1.4.1 Reactivity

1.4.2 Activation energy

1.5 Principles in the selection of materials

1.6 Innovations and development trends in construction materials

1.6.1 Functional materials

1.6.1.1 Cement-based piezoelectric materials

1.6.1.2 Thin-walled low frequency sound shielding material

1.6.1.3 Controllable heat insulation building products with phase changing materials（PCM）

1.6.1.4 Electromagnetic wave shielding and absorbing materials

1.6.2 Sustainability:Eco-friendly material development

1.6.2.1 Recycle and reuse of industry waste

1.6.2.2 New binders-energy efficient materials with less CO2

1.6.3 Multiple disciplinary integrated materials

1.6.3.1 Nanotechnology in construction

1.6.3.2 Dynamic shading window system（DSWS）

1.6.3.3 Self-compacting concrete（SCC）

Discussion topics

References

Chapter 2 Mechanical behavior of materials

2.1 Material behavior and structural performance

2.2 Elastic behavior

2.2.1 Introduction

2.2.2 Physical basis of elastic behavior

2.2.3 Young's Modulus:definition,typical values and significance to structural design

2.2.4 Modulus of composite materials and application to reinforced concrete member

2.3 Plastic behavior

2.3.1 Phenomenon of plastic yielding

2.3.2 Physical basis of plastic behavior

2.3.3 Modeling of plastic behavior

2.3.4 Illustration of plastic behavior with a parallel system

2.4 Time dependent behavior—Creep

2.4.1 Phenomenon of time dependent behavior

2.4.2 Implications to structural design

2.4.3 Physical basis of time dependent behavior

2.4.4 Modeling of creep at low temperature with viscoelastic models

2.4.5 Strain response under arbitrary stress history—superposition

2.5 Fracture

2.5.1 Introduction

2.5.2 Fast fracture:physical basis and modeling

2.5.3 Ductile to brittle failure transition of metal

2.5.4 Fatigue—phenomenon and empirical expressions

2.5.5 Physical basis of fatigue and K-based modeling

Discussion topics

Problems

References

Chapter 3 Aggregates

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Classification of aggregate

3.3 Aggregates produced from industrial waste

3.3.1 B1ast furnace slag aggregate

3.3.2 Aggregates from recycled concrete

3.4 Properties of aggregates

3.4.1 Density of aggregate

3.4.2 Moisture conditions

3.5 Grading

3.5.1 Definition

3.5.2 Determination of the grading

3.5.3 Fineness modulus

3.5.4 Fineness modulus for blending of aggregates

3.6 Shape and surface texture

3.7 Deleterious substances

3.8 Soundness

Discussion topics

Problems

References

Chapter 4 Binder materials

4.1 Organic binders

4.1.1 Asphalt

4.1.1.1 Introduction

4.1.1.2 Manufacture

4.1.1.3 Composition of asphalt

4.1.1.4 Properties of asphalt

4.1.1.5 Application

4.1.2 Polymers

4.1.2.1 Introduction

4.1.2.2 Composite and manufacture

4.1.2.3 Composite properties

4.1.2.4 Installation procedures for FRP application

4.1.2.5 Applications of FRP

4.2 Inorganic binders

4.2.1 Lime

4.2.1.1 Introduction

4.2.1.2 Classification

4.2.1.3 Manufacture

4.2.2 Gypsum

4.2.2.1 Introduction

4.2.2.2 Manufacture

4.2.2.3 C1assification

4.2.2.4 Application

4.2.3 Water glass

4.2.3.1 Introduction

4.2.3.2 Properties

4.2.3.3 Application

4.2.4 Portland cement

4.2.4.1 Manufacture

4.2.4.2 Chemical composition

4.2.4.3 Hydration

4.2.4.4 Type of Portland cement

4.2.4.5 Properties of Portland cement

Discussion topics

References

Chapter 5 Concrete

5.1 Introduction

5.1.1 Historic development

5.1.2 The applications of Portland cement concrete

5.1.3 Characteristics of concrete

5.1.3.1 Advantages of concrete

5.1.3.2 Limitations

5.1.4 Types of concrete

5.1.4.1 Classification in accordance with unit weight

5.1.4.2 Classification in accordance with compressive strength

5.1.4.3 Classification in accordance with additives

5.1.5 Factors influencing concrete properties

5.1.5.1 w/c ratio（or w/b or w/p ratio）

5.1.5.2 Cement content

5.1.5.3 Aggregate

5.1.5.4 Admixtures

5.1.5.5 Mixing procedures

5.1.5.6 Curing

5.2 Admixtures used for making concretes

5.2.1 Definition and classifications

5.2.2 Chemical admixtures

5.2.2.1 Water reducing admixtures

5.2.2.2 Setting control admixtures

5.2.3 Air-entraining admixtures

5.2.4 Mineral admixtures

5.3 Three-phase theory for concrete

5.3.1 Concept of the third phase—transition zone

5.3.2 Structure of the transition zone

5.3.3 Influence of the transition zone on properties of concrete

5.4 Fresh concrete

5.4.1 Definition

5.4.2 Workability

5.4.3 Measurement of workability

5.4.4 Setting of concrete

5.4.5 Placing,compacting and curing

5.4.5.1 Delivery of concrete

5.4.5.2 Placing of concrete

5.4.5.3 Compacting and finishing

5.4.5.4 Curing

5.5 Hardened concrete

5.5.1 Strength of hardened concrete

5.5.1.1 Control methods for strength test

5.5.1.2 Calibration of transducers

5.5.1.3 Compressive strength and corresponding tests

5.5.1.3.1 Failure mechanism

5.5.1.3.2 Specimen preparation for compression test

5.5.1.3.3 Factors affecting the measured compressive strength

5.5.1.4 Uniaxial tensile strength and corresponding tests

5.5.1.4.1 Failure mechanism

5.5.1.4.2 Stress concentration factor

5.5.1.4.3 Relationship between the compressive strength and tensile strength

5.5.1.4.4 Indirect tension test（split cylinder test or Brazilian test）

5.5.1.5 Flexural strength and corresponding tests

5.5.1.6 Behavior of concrete under multi-axial stresses

5.5.1.6.1 Behavior under biaxial stress

5.5.1.6.2 Behavior of concrete under triaxial stress

5.5.1.7 Fatigue strength of concrete

5.5.2 Stress-strain relationship and constitutive equations

5.5.2.1 Method to obtain a stress-strain（deformation）curves

5.5.2.2 Modulus of elasticity

5.5.3 Dimensional stability-shrinkage and creep

5.5.3.1 Shrinkage

5.5.3.1.1 Plastic shrinkage

5.5.3.1.2 Autogenous shrinkage

5.5.3.1.3 Drying shrinkage

5.5.3.2 Creep

5.5.3.2.1 Phenomenon of creep

5.5.3.2.2 Influence of creep on reinforced concrete

5.5.3.2.3 Mechanism of creep in concrete

5.5.3.2.4 Importance of applied stress level to creep

5.5.3.2.5 ACI equation for predicting creep

5.5.3.3 Test method for creep

5.5.3.4 Other important factors affecting shrinkage and creep

5.5.4 Durability

5.5.4.1 Causes of deterioration and main durability problems

5.5.4.2 Basic factors influencing the durability

5.5.4.3 Measurement of permeability coefficient

5.5.4.4 Measurement of diffusivity coefficient

5.5.4.5 Cracks in concrete

5.5.4.6 Corrosion of reinforcing steel

5.5.4.6.1 Carbonation-induced corrosion

5.5.4.6.2 Chloride-induced corrosion

5.5.4.6.3 Corrosion mechanisms

5.5.4.7 Alkali-aggregate reaction

5.5.4.8 Deterioration caused by Freeze-thaw

5.5.4.9 Degradation caused by sulfate attack

5.5.4.10 Durability in marine environment

5.5.4.11 Deterioration of concrete caused by multi-factors

Discussion topics

Problems

References

Chapter 6 Steel

6.1 Classification

6.2 The manufacture and strengthening of steel

6.2.1 Cold and hot working

6.2.2 Heat treatment

6.2.3 Surface treatment

6.3 Structure and properties of steel

6.3.1 Structure of steel

6.3.2 Mechanical properties of steel

6.3.3 Relationship of steel properties to composition and manufacturing process

6.3.4 Effect of alloying elements

6.3.5 Failure of steel under multiaxial stress

6.4 Steel welding and associated problems

6.4.1 Embrittlement due to martensite formation

6.4.2 Lamellar tearing

6.5 Corrosion protection of steel

6.5.1 Mechanisms of steel corrosion

6.5.2 Corrosion protection with paint/coatings

6.5.3 Cathodic protection

6.5.4 Designs to minimize the potential of corrosion

6.6 Application and recycling of steel

6.6.1 Application

6.6.2 Recycling

Discussion topics

Problems

References

Chapter 7 Fiber reinforced polymer composites

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Advantages of fiber reinforced composite and general applications

7.3 Raw materials and processing techniques

7.3.1 Polymer matrix

7.3.2 Fibers

7.3.3 Processing of fiber reinforced polymeric composites

7.4 Behavior of aligned continuous fiber composites

7.4.1 Elastic properties

7.4.2 Micromechanical equations for the elastic properties

7.4.3 Composite strength

7.5 Application of fiber reinforced composites in civil engineering

7.5.1 Glass fiber reinforced polymer bars for concrete structures

7.5.2 Strengthening of concrete structures with carbon fiber reinforced polymer

7.5.3 Fiber reinforced polymer components for buildings and bridges

Discussion topics

Problems

References

Chapter 8 Wood

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Structure of wood

8.3 Properties of wood

8.3.1 Physical properties

8.3.2 Elastic properties

8.3.3 Strength and toughness of wood

8.3.4 Time dependency of wood properties

8.3.5 Behavior of wood in a fire

8.4 Grading of wood

8.5 Wood products

8.6 Wood degradation and protection

Discussion topics

References

Chapter 9 Pavement materials

9.1 Introduction

9.1.1 Pavement types

9.1.2 Bitumen materials

9.1.3 Quality control of underlying soil（subgrade）

9.2 Petroleum asphalt

9.2.1 Original asphalt

9.2.2 Modified asphalt using polymers

9.3 Asphalt concrete

9.4 Testing of asphalt properties

9.5 Design of asphalt mixture

Discussion topics

References

Chapter 10 Major non-structural materials

10.1 Partitions

10.1.1 Brick partitions

10.1.2 Glass partitions

10.1.3 Concrete partitions

10.1.4 Fibre cement sheet partitions

10.1.5 Timber partitions

10.2 Decoration materials

10.2.1 Coatings

10.2.2 Paint

10.2.3 Tiles

10.2.3.1 Roof tiles

10.2.3.2 Floor tiles

10.2.3.3 Ceiling tiles

10.2.4 Glass

10.2.4.1 Glass composition

10.2.4.2 Color of glass

10.3 Function materials

10.3.1 Waterproofing

10.3.2 Fireproofing

10.3.3 Soundproofing

10.3.4 Building insulation materials

10.3.4.1 Spray foam insulation

10.3.4.2 Insulating concrete forms

10.3.4.3 Rigid panels

10.3.4.4 Batts

10.3.4.5 Loose-fill insulation

10.3.4.6 Aerogels

10.3.4.7 Straw bales

10.3.5 Sealants

Discussion topics

References

Construction Materials Laboratory

Laboratory Ⅰ:Aggregate

Laboratory Ⅱ:Cement

Laboratory Ⅲ:Fresh concrete

Laboratory Ⅳ:Testing methods of mechanical properties of ordinary concrete（GB/T 50081—2002）

Laboratory Ⅴ:Two demo tests

Laboratory Ⅵ:Hardened concrete tests（28 day properties）

Laboratory Ⅶ:Non-contact resistivity measurement:a demonstration

Index