1Overview of Programming and Problem Solving

1.1 Overview of Programming

What Is Programming?

How Do We Write a Program?

1.2 What Is a Programming Language?

1.3 What Is a Computer?

1.4 Ethics and Responsibilities in the Computing Profession

Software Piracy

Privacy of Data

Use of Computer Resources

Software Engineering

1.5 Problem-Solving Techniques

Ask Questions

Look for Things That Are Familiar

Solve by Analogy

Means-Ends Analysis

Divide and Conquer

The Building-Block Approach

Merging Solutions

Mental Blocks: The Fear of Starting

Algorithmic Problem Solving

Summary

2C++Syntax and Semantics, and the Program Development Process

2.1 The Elements of C++ Programs

C++ Program Structure

Syntax and Semantics

Syntax Templates

Naming Program Elements: Identifiers

Data and Data Types

Naming Elements: Declarations

Taking Action: Executable Statements

Beyond Minimalism: Adding Comments to a Program

2.2 Program Construction

Blocks （Compound Statements）

The C++Preprocessor

An Introduction to Namespaces

2.3 More About Output

Creating Blank Lines

Inserting Blanks Within a Line

Programming Example: Contest Letter

Testing and Debugging

Summary

Quick Check

Exam Preparation Exercises

Programming Wann-up Exercises

Programming Problems

3Numeric Types, Expressions, and Output

3.1 Overview of C++Data Types

3.2 Numeric Data Types

Integral Types

Floating-Point Types

3.3 Declarations for Numeric Types

Named Constant Declarations

Variable Declarations

3.4 Simple Arithmetic Expressions

Arithmetic Operators

Increment and Decrement Operators

3.5 Compound Arithmetic Expressions

Precedence Rules

Type Coercion and Type Casting

3.6 Function Calls and Library Functions

Value-Retuming Functions

Library Functions

Void Functions

3.7 Formatting the Output

Integers and Strings

Floating-Point Numbers

3.8 Additional string Operations

The length and size Functions

The find Function

The substr Function

Programming Example: Map Measurements

Testing and Debugging

Summary

Quick Check

Exam Preparation Exercises

Programming Warm-up Exercises

Programming Problems

4Program Input and the Software Design Process

4.1 Getting Data into Programs

Input Streams and the Extraction Operator （>>）

The Reading Marker and the Newline Character

Reading Character Data with the get Function

Skipping Characters with the ignore Function

Reading String Data

4.2 Interactive Input/Output

4.3 Noninteractive Input/Output

4.4 File Input and Output

Files

Using Files

An Example Program Using Files

Run-Time Input of File Names

4.5 Input Failure

4.6 Software Design Methodologies

4.7 What Are Objects?

4.8 Object-Oriented Design

4.9 Functional Decomposition

Modules

A Perspective on Design

Programming Example: Stretching a Canvas

Testing and Debugging

Testing and Debugging Hints

Summary

Quick Check

Exam Preparation Exercises

Programming Warm-up Exercises

Programming Problems

5Conditions, Logical Expressions, and Selection Control Structures

5.1 Flow of Control

Selection

5.2 Conditions and Logical Expressions

The bool Data Type

Logical Expressions

Precedence of Operators

Relational Operators with Floating-Point Types

5.3 The If Statement

The If-Then-Else Form

Blocks （Compound Statements）

The If-Then Form

A Common Mistake

5.4 Nested If Statements

The Dangling else

5.5 Testing the State of an I/O Stream

Programming Example: Warning Notices

Testing and Debugging

Testing in the Problem-Solving Phase: The Algorithm Walk-Through

Testing in the Implementation Phase

The Test Plan

Tests Performed Automatically During Compilation and Execution

Testing and Debugging Hints

Summary

Quick Check

Exam Preparation Exercises

Programming Warm-up Exercises

Programming Problems

6Looping

6.1 The While Statement

6.2 Phases of Loop Execution

6.3 Loops Using the While Statement

Count-Controlled Loops

Event-Controlled Loops

Looping Subtasks

6.4 How to Design Loops

Designing the Flow of Control

Designing the Process Within the Loop

The Loop Exit

6.5 Nested Logic

Designing Nested Loops

Programming Example: Average Income by Gender

Testing and Debugging

Loop-Testing Strategy

Test Plans Involving Loops

Testing and Debugging Hints

Summary

Quick Check

Exam Preparation Exercises

Programming Warm-up Exercises

Programming Problems

7Functions

7.1 Functional Decomposition with Void Functions

Writing Modules as Void Functions

7.2 An Overview of User-Defined Functions

Flow of Control in Function Calls

Function Parameters

7.3 Syntax and Semantics of Void Functions

Function Call （Invocation）

Function Declarations and Denitions

Local Variables

The Return Statement

Header Files

7.4 Parameters

Value Parameters

Reference Parameters

7.5 Designing Functions

Writing Assertions as Program Comments

Documenting the Direction of Data Flow

Programming Example: Comparison of Furniture-Store Sales

Testing and Debugging

The assert Library Function

Testing and Debugging Hints

Summary

Quick Check

Exam Preparation Exercises

Programming Warm-up Exercises

Programming Problems

8Scope, Lifetime, and More on Functions

8.1 Scope of Identifiers

Scope Rules

Variable Declarations and Definitions

Namespaces

8.2 Lifetime of a Variable

Initializations in Declarations

8.3 Interface Design

Side Effects

Global Constants

8.4 Value-Returning Functions

Boolean Functions

Interface Design for Value-Retuming Functions

When to Use Value-Retuming Functions

Programming Example: Starship Weight and Balance

Testing and Debugging

Stubs and Drivers

Testing and Debugging Hints

Summary

Quick Check

Exam Preparation Exercises

Programming Warm-up Exercises

Programming Problems

9Additional Control Structures

9.1 The Switch Statement

9.2 The Do-While Statement

9.3 The For Statement

9.4 The Break and Continue Statements

9.5 Guidelines for Choosing a Looping Statement

Programming Example: Monthly Rainfall Averages

Testing and Debugging

Testing and Debugging Hints

Summary

Quick Check

Exam Preparation Exercises

Programming Warm-up Exercises

Programming Problems

10Simple Data Types: Built-In and User-Defined

10.1 Built-In Simple Types

Integral Types

Floating-Point Types

10.2 Additional C+++ Operators

Assignment Operators and Assignment Expressions

Increment and Decrement Operators

Bitwise Operators

The Cast Operation

The sizeof Operator

The ? : Operator

Operator Precedence

10.3 Working with Character Data

Character Sets

C++ char Constants

Programming Techniques

10.4 More on Floating-Point Numbers

Representation of Floating-Point Numbers

Arithmetic with Floating-Point Numbers

10.5 User-Defined Simple Types

The Typedef Statement

Enumeration Types

Named and Anonymous Data Types

User-Written Header Files

10.6 More on Type Coercion

Type Coercion in Arithmetic and Relational Expressions

Type Coercion in Assignments, Argument Passing,and Return of a Function Value

Programming Example: Rock, Paper, Scissors

Testing and Debugging

Floating-Point Data

Coping with Input Errors

Testing and Debugging Hints

Summary

Quick Check

Exam Preparation Exercises

Programming Warm-up Exercises

Programming Problems

11Structured Types, Data Abstraction, and Classes

11.1 Simple Versus Structured Data Types

11.2 Records （C++ Structs）

Accessing Individual Components

Aggregate Operations on Structs

More About Struct Declarations

Hierarchical Records

11.3 Unions

11.4 Data Abstraction

11.5 Abstract Data Types

11.6 C++ Classes

Classes, Class Objects, and Class Members

Built-in Operations on Class Objects

Class Scope

Information Hiding

11.7 Specification and Implementation Files

The Specification File

The Implementation File

Compiling and Linking a Multifile Program

11.8 Guaranteed Initialization with Class Constructors

Invoking a Constructor

Revised Specification and Implementation Files for TimeType

Guidelines for Using Class Constructors

Programming Example: Manipulating Dates

Programming Example: Birthday Calls

Testing and Debugging

Testing and Debugging Hints

Summary

Quick Check

Exam Preparation Exercises

Programming Warm-up Exercises

Programming Problems

12Arrays

12.1 One-Dimensional Arrays

Declaring Arrays

Accessing Individual Components

Out-of-Bounds Array Indexes

Initializing Arrays in Declarations

（Lack of） Aggregate Array Operations

Examples of Declaring and Accessing Arrays

Passing Arrays as Arguments

Assertions About Arrays

Using Typedef with Arrays

12.2 Arrays of Records and Class Objects

Arrays of Records

Arrays of Class Objects

12.3 Special Kinds of Array Processing

Subarray Processing

Indexes with Semantic Content

12.4 Two-Dimensional Arrays

12.5 Processing Two-Dimensional Arrays

Sum the Rows

Sum the Columns

Initialize the Array

Print the Array

12.6 Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays as Arguments

12.7 Another Way of Defining Two-Dimensional Arrays

12.8 Multidimensional Arrays

Programming Example: Comparison of Two Lists

Programming Example: City Council Election

Testing and Debugging

One-Dimensional Arrays

Complex Structures

Multidimensional Arrays

Testing and Debugging Hints

Summary

Quick Check

Exam Preparation Exercises

Programming Warm-up Exercises

Programming Problems

13Array-Based Lists

13.1 The List as an Abstract Data Type

13.2 Unsorted Lists

Basic Operations

Insertion and Deletion

Sequential Search

Sorting

13.3 Sorted Lists

Basic Operations

Insertion

Sequential Search

Binary Search

Deletion

13.4 Understanding Character Strings

Initializing C Strings

C String Input and Output

C String Library Routines

String Class or C Strings?

Programming Example: Exam Attendance

Testing and Debugging

Testing and Debugging Hints

Summary

Quick Check

Exam Preparation Exercises

Programming Warm-up Exercises

Programming Problems

14Object-Oriented Software Development

14.1 Object-Oriented Programming

14.2 Objects

14.3 Inheritance

Deriving One Class from Another

Specification of the ExtTime Class

Implementation of the ExtTime Class

Avoiding Multiple Inclusion of Header Files

14.4 Composition

Design of a TimeCard Class

Implementation of the TimeCard Class

14.5 Dynamic Binding and Virtual Functions

The Slicing Problem

Virtual Functions

14.6 Object-Oriented Design

Step 1: ldentify the Objects and Operations

Step 2: Determine the Relationships Among Objects

Step 3: Design the Driver

14.7 Implementing the Design

Programming Example: Time Card Lookup

Testing and Debugging

Testing and Debugging Hints

Summary

Quick Check

Exam Preparation Exercises

Programming Warm-up Exercises

Programming Problems

15Recursion

15.1 What Is Recursion?

15.2 Towers of Hanoi

15.3 Recursive Algorithms with Structured Variables

15.4 Recursion or Iteration?

Testing and Debugging

Testing and Debugging Hints

Summary

Quick Check

Exam Preparation Exercises

Programming Warm-up Exercises

Programming Problems

Appendix A Reserved Words

Appendix B Operator Precedence

Appendix C A Selection of Standard Library Routines

Appendix D Using This Book with a Prestandard Version of C＋＋

Appendix E Character Sets

Appendix F Program Style, Formatting, and Documentation

Glossary

Answers to Selected Exercises

Index