Part Ⅰ State and Changes in Dryland East Asia

1 State and Change of Dryland East Asia(DEA)

1.1 Geography,Demography and Economics in DEA

1.2 Climate and Land-Use Changes

1.3 Ecosystem Production and Evapotranspiration

1.4 Scientific and Societal Challenges for Adaptations in DEA

References

2 Dryland East Asia in Hemispheric Context

2.1 Study Regions

2.2 Change Analysis of Vegetated Land Surface

2.3 Retrospective Trend Analysis Reveals Areas of Significant Change

2.4 Vegetation Change in Three Epochs

2.5 Land Cover Variation and Change

2.6 Precipitation Variation and Change

2.7 Conclusion

References

3 NEESPI and MAIRS Programs in Dryland East Asia

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Contrast and Comparison

3.2.1 The Programs

3.2.2 Research Approaches

3.2.3 Organization Structure

3.2.4 Major Research Activities

3.3 Major Findings and Achievements

3.3.1 Understanding Climate Change

3.3.2 Understanding Societal Consequences

3.3.3 Understanding Ecosystem Impacts

3.3.4 Institutional Responses to Environmental Change

3.3.5 Understanding Challenges

3.4 Conclusions

References

4 Land Use and Land Cover Change in Dryland East Asia

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Global Land Use Changes through Centuries

4.3 Long-Term Changes in Cropland and Pastureland in DEA

4.4 Recent Changes in Asian Drylands

4.4.1 Rangeland Degradation and Desertification and Increased Cropland

4.4.2 Grassland Recovery

4.4.3 Reforestation/Afforestation

4.5 Sahel Land Use Change

References

5 Urban Expansion and Environment Change in Dryland East Asia

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Study Area,Data,and Methodology

5.2.1 Study Area

5.2.2 Data and Methodology

5.3 Findings

5.3.1 Urban Expansion

5.3.2 Environment Impact

5.4 Case of ？rümqi

5.4.1 Spatio-Temporal Change in ？rümqi

5.4.2 Environment Challenges of ？rümqi

5.5 Discussion

5.5.1 Characteristics of Urbanization in Arid Regions

5.5.2 Socio-Economic Factors Driving Urbanization

5.6 Conclusions

References

6 Ecosystem Carbon Cycle under Changing Atmosphere,Climate and Land Use in Dryland East Asia

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Simulated Ecosystem Carbon Patterns in DEA

6.3 Responses of Ecosystem Carbon Cycling to Atmospheric Change

6.3.1 CO2 Enrichment

6.3.2 Nitrogen Deposition and Its Impact on DEA Ecosystems

6.4 Responses of Ecosystem Carbon Cycling to Climate Change

6.4.1 Responses to Precipitation Changes

6.4.2 Responses to Temperature Changes

6.5 Responses of Ecosystem Carbon Cycling to Land Use and Land Cover Changes

6.6 Interactions among Environmental Changes

6.6.1 Limitation of Nitrogen Availability on CO2 Impacts

6.6.2 Dependence of Nitrogen Effects on Water Status(Precipitation Regimes)

6.6.3 Interaction between Temperature(Warming)and Water Availability(Precipitation)

6.6.4 Relationship and Interactions between Land Use and Climate Changes on Ecosystem Carbon Cycling

6.7 Carbon Sequestration Potential and Human Adaption to Climate Change

References

7 Dynamics of Vegetation Productivity in Dryland East Asia from 1982 to 2010

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Data and Methods

7.2.1 AVHRR NDVI

7.2.2 MODIS NDVI

7.2.3 Land Cover Map

7.2.4 MERRA Reanalysis Data

7.2.5 Agricultural Statistics

7.2.6 Statistical Analysis

7.3 Results and Discussion

7.3.1 Trends of Spatially-Averaged NDVI

7.3.2 Spatial Patterns of NDVI Trends

7.3.3 Climatic Drivers

7.3.4 Other Drivers

7.4 Conclusions

References

Summary Ⅰ:Contexts of Change

Part Ⅱ Consequences

8 Impacts of Global Change on Water Resources in Dryland East Asia

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Key Water Resource Challenges

8.2.1 Distribution of Water Balances across DEA and Historical Changes

8.2.2 Land Use/Land Cover Change

8.2.3 Agricultural Irrigation and Industrialization

8.2.4 Climate Change

8.3 Water Resources under Environmental Changes:Case Studies

8.3.1 Loess Plateau

8.3.2 hnpacts of Future Climate Change on Runoff across DEA

8.4 Conclusions

References

9 Examining Changes in Land Cover and Land Use,Regional Climate and Dust in Dryland East Asia and Their Linkages within the Earth System

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Assessment of Decadal Dust Emission Based on Historical LCLU,Regional Climate and the Regional Coupled Dust Modeling System WRF-Chem-DuMo

9.3 Observation-based Dust Climatology and Its Relationship to LCLU and Regional Climate

9.4 A Satellite Perspective on the Last Decade

9.5 Impacts of Dust on Human-Environment-Climate Systems

References

10 Biophysical Regulations of Grassland Ecosystem Carbon and Water Fluxes in DEA

10.1 Brief Introduction of Abiotic and Biotic Factors in Relation to Carbon and Water Fluxes in DEA

10.2 Biophysical Regulations of Carbon Fluxes between Grazed and Ungrazed Grasslands

10.2.1 Responses of Daytime Net Ecosystem Exchange to Biotic/Abiotic Factors

10.2.2 Response of Nighttime NEE(Re)to T and SWC

10.3 Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes between Grassland and Cultivated Cropland

10.3.1 Responses of Daytime NEE to Biotic/Abiotic Factors

10.3.2 Response of Nighttime NEE(Re)to T and SWC

10.4 Biophysical Regulations of Water and Energy Fluxes

10.4.1 Energy Partitioning and Its Response to Abiotic/Biotic Factors

10.4.2 Ecosystem Water and Energy Fluxes between Grazed and Ungrazed Grasslands and between Grassland and Cultivated Cropland

References

11 Afforestation and Forests at the Dryland Edges:Lessons Learned and Future Outlooks

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Vegetation Zonation and Climate

11.3 Climate Forcing Effect of Forests:Ambiguous Conditions at the Dryland Edges

11.3.1 Low Elevation Xeric Limits:Vulnerable Forest-Grassland Transition

11.3.2 Management of Forests—Plantations vs.Close to Nature Ecosystems

11.4 Effects of Forest Management on Forest Hydrological Balances in Dry Regions:A Comparison of China and the United States

11.4.1 China

11.4.2 United States

11.5 Past and Future of Forest Policy in Dryland Regions of China

11.5.1 Causes and Consequences of Expanding Desertification

11.5.2 Shelterbelt Development and Sand Control Programs in China

11.5.3 Debates and Critics about the Achievements of the Past Programs

11.5.4 Lessons Learned from Past

11.6 Conclusions

References

12 Human Impact and Land Degradation in Mongolia

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Land Degradation Overview

12.2.1 Mining Land Degradation

12.2.2 Land Degradation by Road

12.2.3 Pastureland Degradation and Desertification

12.2.4 Soil Erosion of Arable Land

12.2.5 Deforestation

12.2.6 Soil Pollution

12.3 Use of Fallout Radionuclide Methods for Soil Erosion Study

12.4 Conclusions

References

13 The Effect of Large-Scale Conservation Programs on the Vegetative Development of China's Loess Plateau

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Conservation Programs

13.3 Study Region

13.3.1 Loess Plateau

13.3.2 Subset for Fine Scale Analysis

13.4 Data

13.4.1 MODIS Data

13.4.2 Landsat Data

13.4.3 Grazing Statistics

13.4.4 Anthromes

13.5 Methods

13.6 Results and Discussion

13.6.1 Vegetation Index and Albedo Changes

13.6.2 500m NDVI Changes

13.6.3 Grazing Intensity Change

13.7 Conclusions

References

Summary Ⅱ:Consequences

Part Ⅲ Solutions/Adaptations

14 Monitoring and Assessment of Dryland Ecosystems with Remote Sensing

14.1 Problems of Land Degradation and Desertification in Drylands:Current Challenges and Perspectives

14.2 Indicators of Land Degradation/Desertification and Their Detection by Remote Sensing

14.2.1 History of Degradation/Desertification Indicator Development in Recent Decades

14.2.2 Retrieving Biophysical Spectral Information with Remote Sensing for DLDD

14.2.3 Bio-physiological Indexes for Assessment and Monitoring

14.3 Review of Available Sensors and Data over DEA and Their Suitability for Detecting Desertification Indicators

14.3.1 Short Outlook on Euture Satellite Sensors over DEA

14.4 Remote Sensing Approach for Desertification Assessment in Central Asia:History,Current Research,and Perspectives—A Case Study

14.5 Conclusions

References

15 The Effects of Spatial Resolution on Vegetation Area Estimates in the Lower Tarim River Basin,Northwestern China

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Study Area

15.3 Methodology

15.4 Results and Discussion

15.5 Conclusions

References

16 New Ecology Education:Preparing Students for the Complex Human- Environmental Problems of Dryland East Asia

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Description of New Ecology Education

16.2.1 Topic 1:What's Going On?(Conceptual Models)

16.2.2 Topic 2:Life Is So Confusing!(Nonlinearity)

16.2.3 Topic 3:Everything Is Connected to Everything Else(Systems Thinking)

16.2.4 Topic 4:Climbing Up-and-Down the Complexity Ladder(Hierarchy Theory)

16.2.5 Topic 5:What Does It Take to Change This System?(Resilience)

16.2.6 Topic 6:Coping with Land Degradation in Drylands(Ecosystem Services)

16.2.7 Topic 7:Unraveling the Complexity of Coupled H-E Systems and Desertification(The Drylands Development Paradigm)

16.2.8 Topic 8:Where Art,Science,and Craft Meet(Ostrom's Framework)

16.3 Conclusions

References

17 Grassland Degradation and Restoration in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China from the 1950s to 2000s:Population,Policies and Profits

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Population and Urbanization in IM

17.2.1 Population Evolution

17.2.2 Population and Over-Grazing

17.2.3 Urbanization and Restoration

17.3 Policy,Laws and Regulation for Grassland

17.4 From Production to Profits

17.4.1 Animal Husbandry

17.4.2 Tourism Development

17.4.3 Environmental Service

17.5 Conclusions

References

18 Sustainable Governance of the Mongolian Grasslands:Comparing Ecological and Social-Institutional Changes in the Context of Climate Change in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Explanatory Models of Grassland Dynamics

18.3 Analyses and Results

18.3.1 Collectivization of Pastures and Livestock

18.3.2 Privatization and Market Incentives

18.3.3 Recentralization of Grassland Management in IM,China

18.3.4 Changing Roles of the State,Market and Community for Grassland Management

18.3.5 Climate Variability and Change:History and Future

18.4 Discussion

18.5 Conclusions

References

19 Adaptive Management of Grazing Lands

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Distribution of Grazing Lands and Problems

19.3 Case Study and Adaptive Management in IM

19.3.1 Study Site

19.3.2 The ACIAR-Model

19.3.3 Typical Farm

19.3.4 Economic Stocking Rate

19.3.5 Improved Feeding of Livestock during Winter and Spring

19.3.6 Changing Lambing Time

19.3.7 Use of Warm Sheds during Cold Seasons

19.4 Conclusions and Discussion

References

Summary Ⅲ:Solutions and Adaptations

Index