1 Protocols, Procedures, and Philosophy

1.1 The Importance of Clothing Examination

1.2 Clothing a "Crime Scene"

1.3 Multiple Hypotheses, Alternative Explanations

1.4 The Origin of Evidence

1.5 Searching for Evidence and the Screening Effect

1.6 Checklists, Guidelines, and Protocols

1.7 Nonprescriptive Holistic Approach

1.8 References

2 Preliminary Inquiries

2.1 Focus of the Examination

2.2 Information Concerning the Crime

2.3 Levels of Information

2.3.1 Description vs. Identification

2.3.2 Data, Results, Conclusions, Interpretations

2.3.3 Stability of Information

2.4 History of Exhibit

2.5 Reference and Control Samples

2.6 Preservation, Handling, and Storage

2.7 Contamination Issues

2.8 Health and Safety

2.9 References

3 Preliminary Assessment

3.1 Documentation

3.2 Detection

3.3 Recovery

3.4 Clothing Construction

3.5 Yarn and Fabric Composition

3.6 Yarns or Threads

3.7 Fabric

3.7.1 Weave

3.7.2 Knit

3.7.3 Felts, Leather, and Other"Non-Wovens"

3.8 Definitions

3.9 Sewing Terminology

3.10 Clothing Construction Terminology

3.11 References

4 Stains and Deposits

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Information from Preliminary Examination

4.2.1 Overview

4.2.2 Class of Material

4.2.3 Appearance of Deposit

4.2.4 Manner of Deposit

4.2.5 Sequence of Deposit and Time of Deposit

4.2.6 Deposit from the Outside or the Inside Surface

4.2.7 Direct or Indirect Transfer

4.2.8 Alteration

4.2.9 Wear

4.2.10 Alteration from Immersion in Water and Alteration from Burning

4.2.11 Alteration from the Examination

4.2.12 Relationship to Other Stains, Deposits, or Damage

4.3 Getting Started: Workflow for Examination of Stains and Deposits

4.3.1 Examining Individual Stains and Deposits

4.3.2 Smears and Directional Contact Deposits

4.3.3 Projected Stains and Deposits — Spatters, Scatters,and Splashes

4.3.4 Grouped Stains, Deposits, and Damage

4.3.5 Comparing Stains and Deposits on Different Items

4.4 Sampling of Stains and Deposits

4.4.1 Basis for Sampling

4.4.2 Preliminary Sampling

4.4.3 Crusts and Films

4.4.4 Caked Deposits and Heterogeneous Agglomerates

4.4.5 Powdery Deposits

4.4.6 Stains

4.4.7 Viscous Deposits

4.5 Questions That Can Be Addressed by Stains and Deposits

4.6 Sorting Tools for Stains and Deposits

4.6.1 Sorting Tools for Preliminary Evaluation

4.6.2 Sorting Tools for Examining Samples Receivedfrom Another Examiner

4.7 Establishing a Reference Collection

4.8 Writing Reports

4.9 Summary

4.10 Terminology for Stains and Deposits

4.10.1 Terminology for Appearance

4.10.2 Terminology for Manner of Deposit

4.11 References

5 Pattern Evidence

5.1 Blood Pattern Analysis (BPA)

5.1.1 Impact Blood Spatter

5.1.1.1 Gunshot

5.1.1.2 Beating and Stabbing

5.1.2 Projected Blood Spatter

5.1.2.1 Expirated Blood

5.1.2.2 Arterial Spurt

5.1.2.3 Cast-Off Spatter

5.1.2.4 Secondary Spatter

5.1.3 Directionality

5.1.4 Clotted Blood

5.1.5 Transfer Bloodstain Patterns and Contact Bloodstains

5.1.6 Altered Bloodstain Patterns

5.1.7 Limitations

5.1.8 BPA Terminology Suggested for Use in Clothing Examination

5.2 Firearm Discharge Residue Patterns

5.3 Direct Contact Impressions: Imprints and Indentations

5.3.1 Fingerprints

5.3.2 Footwear

5.3.3 Tire Marks

5.3.4 Lipstick Prints

5.3.5 Weapon, Tool, and Object Marks

5.3.6 Fabric Impressions

5.4 Physical Fit

5.5 References

6 Damage

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Damage Categories

6.3 Examination Approach

6.4 Normal Wear and Tear and "Recency"

6.5 Cuts

6.6 Tears

6.7 Holes and Punctures

6.8 Stabbing

6.9 Simulations

6.10 Physical Fit

6.11 Glass Cuts

6.12 Microbial Damage

6.13 Thermal (Fire and Heat) Damage

6.14 Firearm Damage

6.15 Other Textiles

6.16 Limitations

6.17 Glossary of Terms

6.18 References

7 Human Biological Evidence

7.1 Blood

7.1.1 Testing for Blood

7.2 Semen

7.2.1 Testing for Semen

7.3 Saliva

7.3.1 Testing for Saliva

7.4 Vaginal Secretions, Urine, Feces, and Vomit

7.4.1 Vaginal Secretions

7.4.2 Urine

7.4.3 Feces

7.4.4 Vomit

7.5 Dandruff

7.6 DNA

7.7 Wearer DNA

7.8 Trace DNA

7.9 Multiple Body Sources

7.10 Mixtures

7.11 Nonhuman Biological Evidence

7.12 Conclusion

7.13 References

8 Traces and Debris

8.1 The Nature of Debris

8.2 Sorting Tools for Evaluating Traces and Debris

8.3 Composition of Debris

8.3.1 Normal Debris vs. Foreign Debris

8.3.2 Individual Types of Material vs. Sets of Debris

8.4 Component vs. Non-Component Debris

8.5 Transfers of Debris

8.5.1 Transfers of Individual Types of Material

8.5.1.1 Paint

8.5.1.2 Glass

8.5.1.3 Hair

8.5.1.4 Fibers

8.5.1.5 Gunpowder Particles

8.5.1.6 Soil and Sand

8.5.1.7 Pollen, Spores, Wood, and Other Plant Parts

8.5.1.8 Insects and Insect Parts

8.5.1.9 Cosmetics and Glitter

8.5.1.10 Foam Rubber and Plastics

8.5.1.11 Lubricants from Condoms, Contraceptive Creams,and Related Materials

8.5.1.12 Soot and Other Black Smudges

8.5.1.13 Beads and Spheres from Welding, Soldering,Burning, and Incineration

8.5.1.14 Materials from Evidence Packaging

8.5.2 Transfer via Direct or Indirect Contact

8.5.3 Transfer, Persistence, and Detection

8.5.3.1 The Problem of Detection

8.5.3.2 Evaluating Transfer and Persistence

8.6 Questions That Can Be Addressed by Examinations of Traces and Debris

8.7 Questions of Contact

8.8 Target vs. Context-Based Examinations

8.9 Absence of Debris

8.10 Summary: Nature, Composition, Source, and Transfers of Traces and Debris

8.11 Sampling and Sorting

8.11.1 Sampling Rationale

8.11.2 Sampling Criteria

8.11.3 Sequence of Sampling and Collection

8.11.4 Techniques for Sampling and Collection

8.11.4.1 Sample Size and Composition

8.11.4.2 Sampling and Sorting Techniques

8.11.4.3 Special Problems in Sample Collection

8.11.5 Collecting Samples for Target Examinations

8.11.6 Collecting Samples for Context-Based Examinations

8.12 Reference Samples and Reference Standards

8.12.1 Reference Samples

8.12.2 Reference Standards

8.12.3 Primary and Secondary Reference Samples

8.13 Reconstruction of Events

8.14 Process-Based Descriptive Terminology for Traces and Debris

8.15 Trace Evidence Recovery Guidelines

8.16 References

9 Results and Their Significance

9.1 Significance of the Evidence

9.2 Expectations

9.3 Context of Evidence Obtained from Clothing

9.4 Objectivity and Opinion

9.5 The Adversarial System and the Law

9.6 Interpretation and Communication of the Evidence

9.7 Peer, Technical, and Administrative Reviews

9.8 Training and Maintaining the Expertise of the Clothing Examiner

9.9 References

Appendix 1

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Appendix 4

Index