Ⅰ.Introduction

A.Historical Perspectives

B.Philosophical Perspectives

C.International and Comparative Perspectives

D.Social Science Perspectives

1.The Legal Approach

2.Social Science Methodologies

Ⅱ.Children and Crime

A.Introduction

1.Philosophical Origins

2.Social Science Origins

3.Legal Origins

4.Perspectives on Adolescent Development

5.Infancy

B.Constitutional Framework

C.Procedural Framework

1.Initial Contact with Governmental Officials

2.Interrogations： The Due Process Framework

3.Identification Procedures and Confidentiality： Lineups， Show-ups， Photo Arrays， and Fingerprints

a.DNA Testing

b.Court Records and Court Proceedings

4.Intake and Diversion

5.Bail and Preventive Detention

6.Trial Rights

a.Right to Counsel

b.Right to a Jury Trial

c.Competence to Stand Trial

d.The Insanity Defense

D.Dispositional Framework

1.Overview

2.Traditional Juvenile Dispositions

a.Determinate vs.Indeterminate Sentencing

b.Dispositional Conditions

c.Right to Treatment and Conditions of Confinement

d.Special Populations

e.Collateral Consequences

3.Special Juvenile Dispositions

a.Blended Sentences

b.Sex-Offender Registration Laws

4.Transfer to Criminal Court

Ⅲ.Children and Protection

A.Historical Origins

B.The Medical and Psychological Consequences of Abuse and Neglect

C.The Constitutional Framework in Abuse and Neglect Cases

D.The Procedural Framework in Abuse and Neglect Cases

1.Reporting Child Abuse and Neglect

2.Investigating Child Abuse and Neglect

3.State Liability for Failing to Act

4.Judicial Procedures

a.Initial Hearings

b.Adjudication of Abuse and Neglect

ⅰ.Abuse

ⅱ.Corporal Punishment

ⅲ.Emotional Abuse

ⅳ.Fetal Abuse

ⅴ. Sexual Abuse

ⅵ.Neglect

ⅶ.Failure to Thrive

ⅷ.Emotional Neglect

ⅸ.Failure to Protect

ⅹ.Medical Neglect

ⅹⅰ.Educational Neglect

ⅹⅱ.Derivative Neglect

c.Evidentiary Issues

d.Right to Counsel

E.Permanency Hearings

1.Statutory Framework

2.Reasonable Efforts

3.Reunification

4.Kinship Care

5.Foster Care

a.The History of Foster Care

b.The Current State of Foster Care

c.The Foster Child’s Right to a Family

d.The Effects of Foster Care

6.Special Issues in Placement

a.The Indian Child Welfare Act

b.LGBTQ Children

F.Termination of Parental Rights

1.Constitutional Framework

2.Statutory Framework

3.Procedural Framework

4.Dispositional Framework

a.Adoption

b.Guardianship

c.Planned Permanent Living Arrangements

Ⅳ. Children and Restraints on Liberty

A.Status Offenses

1.Constitutional Framework

2.Statutory Framework

3.Procedural Framework

a.Initial Contact with Governmental Officials

ⅰ.Age Stops

ⅱ.Searches and Seizures

b.Interrogations

c.Identification Procedures

d.Intake， Detention， and Deinstitutionalization

e.Trial Rights

ⅰ.Right to Counsel

ⅱ.Self-Incrimination， Confrontation， Cross-Examination， and the Burden of Proof

4.Dispositional Framework

B.Additional Restrictions on Liberty

1.Alcohol and Tobacco Regulations

2.Firearms Regulations

3.Child-Labor Laws

4.Other Restrictions

Ⅴ. Children and Decision Making

A.The First Amendment Rights of Children

1.Free-Speech and Free-Expression Rights

2.Free-Exercise Rights

3.The Establishment Clause

B.Medical Decision Making

1.Constitutional Framework

2.The Mature-Minor Doctrine

C.School Discipline

1.Constitutional Framework

2.Procedural Framework

D.Emancipation

Table of Cases

Index