Chapter One Determinants of Admission Policies

1. INTRODUCTION

2. THE IMPORTANCE OF ADMISSION

3. FACTORS THAT SHAPE ADMISSION

3.1 History

3.2 Economics

3.3 Politics and Culture

3.3.1 Openness, Liberalization and Development

3.3.2 Local Politics

4. THE INTERESTS INVOLVED

4.1 The Investor’s Interest

4.2 The Host State’s Interest

4.2.1 From a Market for Protectionism

4.2.2 … To the Need to Reserve Regulatory Space and Flexibility

5. HOW INTERESTS ARE BALANCED: A MARKET FOR FDI

6. THE NEGOTIATION POSITIONS

6.1 State to State Negotiations

6.1.1 Bilateral Negotiation

6.1.2 Multilateral Negotiation

6.2 Host State and Investor Negotiations

6.2.1 The Investor’s Position

6.2.2 The Host State’s Position

Chapter Two The Scope of Admission Provisions

1. INTRODUCTION

2. WHAT IS INVESTMENT?

2.1 Introduction

2.2 The Definition of Investment

2.3 Limitations

2.4 Examples

2.4.1 International Agreements

2.4.2 National Investment Codes

3. WHO IS AN INVESTOR?

4. NATIONALITY OF THE INVESTOR

5. EXAMPLES

5.1 International Agreements

5.2 National Investment Codes

6. RIGHT OF ADMISSION, RIGHT OF ESTABLISHMENT

Chapter Three Admission and Sources of FDI Law

1. INTRODUCTION

2. THE NATIONAL INVESTMENT CODES

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Controls over Access in National Investment Codes

3. GENERAL INTERNATIONAL LAW

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Historical Skepticism Towards FDI: The Expropriation Dispute

3.3 The Pragmatic Approach

4. BILATERAL INVESTMENT TREATIES (BITS)

4.1 The History of BITs

4.2 Why Countries Conclude BITs

4.3 The Main Features of BITs Relating to Admission

4.3.1 Preamble: Promotion and Protection of Investments

4.3.2 Scope and Definitions

4.3.3 Admission

5. FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS (FTAS)

6. REGIONAL AGREEMENTS

6.1 Introduction

6.2 South America

6.2.1 Latin American Integration Association (LAIA or ALADI)

6.2.2 Andean Community (CAN)

6.2.3 Common Market of the Southern Cone (MERCOSUR)

6.2.4 Caribbean Community (CARICOM)

6.2.5 Others

6.3 North America

6.3.1 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

6.3.2 Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR)

6.4 Eurasia

6.4.1 European Union (EU) and the Cotonou Agreement

6.4.2 Energy Charter Treaty

6.5 Asia

6.5.1 ASEAN

6.5.2 Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

6.6 African and Arab Integration

6.6.1 Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)

6.6.2 Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS)

6.6.3 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)

6.6.4 Arab Economic Unity

6.6.5 Others (EAC/SADC/UDEAC/Islamic Conference)

7. MULTILATERAL TREATIES AND SOFT LAW

7.1 Introduction and Historical Overview

7.2 General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)

7.3 The OECD Codes of Liberalization

7.4 The World Bank Guidelines

Chapter Four Models of FDI Admission

1. INTRODUCTION

2. MODELS OF ADMISSION REGULATION

2.1 Investment-Control-Model

2.1.1 Introduction

2.1.2 Examples: Bilateral Investment Treaties

2.1.3 Examples: Regional Agreements

2.1.4 Examples: Multilateral Agreements and Soft Law

2.1.5 Examples: Drafts of Multilateral Investment Instruments

2.1.6 Examples: National Investment Codes

2.2 The Positive-List-Model

2.2.1 Introduction

2.2.2 Examples: Multilateral Agreements

2.2.3 Examples: Regional Agreements

2.3 The Regional-MNE-Model

2.3.1 Introduction

2.3.2 Examples: Regional Agreements

2.4 The Mutual-National-Treatment Model

2.4.1 Mutual-National-Treatment as a Tool of Regional Integration

2.4.2 Examples: Regional Agreements

2.5 The Negative-List-Model

2.5.1 Introduction

2.5.2 Examples: Bilateral Treaties

2.5.3 Examples: Regional Agreements

2.5.4 Examples: Soft Law and Drafts

2.5.5 Examples: National Investment Codes

2.6 The Open-Admission-Model

2.6.1 Examples: National Investment Codes

Chapter Five Exceptions to Admission

1. INTRODUCTION

2. EXEMPTED SECTORS

2.1 Examples: International Agreements

2.2 Examples: National Investment Codes

3. PUBLIC POLICY EXCEPTIONS

3.1 Examples: International Agreements

3.2 Examples: National Investment Codes

Chapter Six Conditions and Incentives

1. GENERAL CONDITIONS, CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

2. CONDITIONS SECURING CONTROL

2.1 Infrastructure Projects

2.2 Privatization

2.3 The Exploitation of Natural Resources

2.4 Conditions Relating to the Legal Formr

2.5 Other Measures to Control a Foreign Enterprise

3. INCENTIVES

4. EXAMPLES

4.1 Examples: International Agreements

4.2 Examples: National Investment Codes

Chapter Seven Procedure

1. PROCEDURAL ISSUES

1.1 Examples: International Agreements

1.2 Examples: National Investment Codes

Chapter Eight Related Issues

1. COMPETITION POLICIES AND ADMISSION

2. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

2.1 Avoiding a Race to the Bottom

2.2 Flexibility for Environmental Protection

3. CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

Chapter Nine Concluding Remarks

1. INTRODUCTION

2. THE MICRO LEVEL: HOST STATE ADMISSION POLICIES

2.1 Policy Option One: The Infant Industry Model Revisited

2.2 Policy Option Two: The Open Admission Option

3. THE MACRO LEVEL: TOWARDS LIBERALIZATION OF ADMISSION?

4. MANAGING OPENNESS

Annex

Examples: Multilateral Investment Instruments

Examples: Regional Investment Instruments

Examples: (Model) Bilateral Investment Treaties and Free Trade Agreements

List of U.S. Bilateral Investment Treaties through December 20005

Examples: National Investment Codes

Examples: Admission Models in Selected Instruments

1. Bilateral Investment Treaties and Free Trade Agreements

2. Regional and Multilateral Agreements

3. National Investment Codes

Abbreviations

Bibliography

Books and Official Publications

Articles

Cases Cited

International Investment Instruments

National Investment Codes

Index