Introduction

PART Ⅰ THE BACKGROUND

1 The Justice Gap in Sexual Assault Cases

1.1 THE PROBLEM OF ATTRITION

1.2 THE LEGAL BACKGROUND

1.3 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

2 Stereotypes， Myths and Heuristics in the Perception of Sexual Assault

2.1 THE ‘REAL RAPE’ STEREOTYPE

2.2 RAPE MYTHS AND NEGATIVE ATTITUDES ABOUT RAPE VICTIMS

2.3 RAPE STEREOTYPES AND POLICE RESPONSES TO RAPE COMPLAINTS

2.4 THE ATTRIBUTION OF BLAME TO VICTIMS OF RAPE

2.5 HEURISTICS IN THE PROCESS OF DECISION-MAKING ABOUT SEXUAL ASSAULT

2.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

3 The Problem of the Jury in Sexual Assault Trials

3.1 THE METHODOLOGY OF JURY STUDIES

3.2 DEALING WITH THE EVIDENCE

3.3 THE ROLE OF EXPERT TESTIMONY

3.4 THE JUDGE’S SUMMING-UP AND NON-VERBAL CUES

3.5 REACHING A VERDICT

3.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

PART Ⅱ NEW EVIDENCE

4 A Question of Attitude： Prospective Lawyers

4.1 STUDY 1： UNDERGRADUATE LAW STUDENTS AND THE REAL RAPE STEREOTYPE

4.2 STUDY 2： SCHEMATIC PROCESSING BY VOCATIONAL LAW STUDENTS

5 A Question of Attitude： The General Public

5.1 STUDY 3： EXPLORING SCHEMATIC PROCESSING BY MEMBERS OF THE PUBLIC

5.2 STUDY 3： EVALUATING A RAPE-AWARENESS POSTER CAMPAIGN

5.3 GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS FROM THE THREE STUDIES

6 Rape， Rape Trials and the Justice Gap： Some Views from the Bench and Bar

6.1 METHODOLOGY OF THE INTERVIEW STUDY

6.2 THE PERCEIVED PROBLEMS

6.3 ATTITUDES TOWARDS RAPE AND THE JUSTICE GAP

6.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

7 Judges， Barristers and the Evidential Law in Action in Rape Cases

7.1 CORROBORATION

7.2 SEXUAL HISTORY

7.3 THIRD PARTY DISCLOSURE

7.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

PART Ⅲ SOME POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS

8 Law Reform

8.1 EVIDENTIAL ISSUES

8.2 CONSENT AND INTOXICATION

8.3 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

9 Improving Rape Trials

9.1 ABOLISHING THE JURY IN SEXUAL ASSAULT CASES

9.2 SCREENING AND SELECTING JURORS

9.3 ASSISTING THE JURY

9.4 MAKING THE JURY ACCOUNTABLE

9.5 EDUCATING LEGAL PROFESSIONALS

9.6 APPOINTMENT OF MORE FEMALE JUDGES？

9.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

10 Changing Public Attitudes

10.1 RAPE PREVENTION PROGRAMMES FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS

10.2 SCHOOL-BASED INTERVENTIONS

10.3 EDUCATING THE GENERAL PUBLIC ABOUT RAPE：USING THE MEDIA

10.4 CHANGING NORMS ABOUT SEXUAL AGGRESSION

10.5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

11 Conclusion

References

Appendix 1 Evidential and Procedural Issues in the Law Relating to Sexual Offences in England and Wales

Appendix 2 Interview Schedule for the Study Described in Chapters Six and Seven

Author Index

Subject Index