The Beginning of Modem Constitutionalism

The First Constitution

The Concept of Inherent Natural Rights

The European Influence

The French Revolutionary Constitutions

Constitutions of Other Countries

The U.S.Constitution: Model for the World

The World’s Second Constitution

European Constitutions

France Sets HumanRights Precedents

Spain’s 1812 Cadiz Constitution: A Turning Point in European History

Sources and Contributions of the Cadiz Constitution

Latin American Constitutions

The Chinese Political Structure

A Fourth Branch of Government

The Fifth Branch of the Chinese Government

Constitutionalism Continues in Europe

Revolutions Result in New Constitutions

The German Constitution that Never Went into Effect

Constitutional Experimentation and Testing in the Americas

U.S.Civil War: A Constitutional Crisis

Provisions of Amendments Extend to States

A New Era for France, Germany, and Italy

The Rise of Oriental Constitutionalism

Japan Responds to the European Influence

China: The Oldest Monarchy Becomes the Newest Republic

Constitutions Come Much Later for Countries in the Far East

Constitutions of the Twentieth Century

Russian Constitutions Bring Radical Changes

Mexican Constitution Emphasizes Economic and Cultural Rights

World War Ⅱ: Constitutional Causes and Effects

Constitutions of the Defeated Axis Powers

Constitutional Proliferation after World War Ⅱ

Independent British Colonies Draft Constitutions

Many Countries Write Constitutions after 1970

Constitutions Institutionalize One-Party States

Ideological Conflict and Constitutional Reform

Source of Human and Constitutional Rights

Moving Toward More Individual Freedom and Democracy

Appendix