Introduction

1.Re-Emergence of an Old Challenge for the International Community

Ⅰ.Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases

Ⅱ.Globalization of Public Health

Ⅲ.Microbialpolitik

Ⅳ.Conclusion

2.Brief History of International Law on the Control of Infectious Diseases

Ⅰ.Introduction

Ⅱ.Overview of International Law on Infectious Disease Control, 1851-1951

Ⅲ.Objectives of International Law on Infectious Diseases, 1851-1951

A.Infectious Disease Control Prior to 1851

B.To Protect Europe from ‘Asiatic’ Diseases

C.To Harmonize Quarantine

D.To Create an International Surveillance System

E.To Create a Permanent International Health Organization

Ⅳ.Microbialpolitik—1851-1951

3.International Health Regulations

Ⅰ.Introduction

Ⅱ.Development

Ⅲ.Legal Basis

Ⅳ.Objectives

A.Maximum Security

1.Surveillance

2.Health Organizations

3.Handling Specific Diseases

B.Minimum Interference

Ⅴ.Effectiveness

A.Surveillance Breakdown

B.Ineffectiveness of Protection Measures

C.Excessive Measures

D.Enforcement

E.Epidemiology as the Answer

Ⅵ.WHO’s Revision of the IHR

A.Changes Affecting the Maximum Security Objective

1.Syndrome Reporting

2.Greater Information Flows

B.Changes Affecting the Minimum Interference Objective

C.Summary on IHR Provisional Draft

Ⅶ.IHR and Microbialpolitik

4.Sources of International Law and the Control of Infectious Diseases

Ⅰ.Introduction

Ⅱ.Conventions

A.Entering Agreements

B.Reservations

C.Interpretation

1.Interpretation of the Existing IHR

2.Interpretation under the IHR Provisional Draft

D.Amendments

E.Monitoring and Enforcement

Ⅲ.Customary International Law

A.Treaty Rules into Custom?

B.Relevance of Other Customary International Legal Principles

C.Summary on Customary International Law

Ⅳ.General Principles of Law

Ⅴ.Judicial Decisions and the Writings of Publicists

Ⅵ.Sources of International Law Outside Article 38（1）

5.International Trade Law and Infectious Diseases

Ⅰ.Introduction

Ⅱ.Trade, Quarantine, and Infectious Disease Control

A.Trade and the International Sanitary Conferences

B.International Sanitary Conventions and Trade

C.International Trade and Plant and Animal Diseases

1.Plant Diseases

2.Animal Diseases

D.International Health Regulations and Trade

Ⅲ.Development of International Trade Law on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

A.General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

1.Recognition of the Sovereign Right to Restrict Trade to Protect Public Health

2.GATT Disciplines on the Sovereign Right

（a） Chapeau

（b） Necessary Requirement

B.Difficulties with Article XX（b）

C.Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

1.Requirement that SPS Measures be Based on Science

（a） Preliminary Questions

（b） SPS Agreement’s Science-Based Disciplines

2.SPS Agreement’s Trade-Related Disciplines

（a） Article 2

（b） Article 5

3.Summary on SPS Agreement

D.Regional Trade Agreements and SPS Measures

1.EC Law

2.NAFTA

E.Other International Trade Law Issues and Infectious Disease Control

Ⅳ.International Trade Law and Microbialpolitik

6.International Human Rights Law and Infectious Diseases

Ⅰ.Introduction

Ⅱ.Limiting Human Rights to Protect Public Health

A.Historical Treatment of Individuals

B.After the Human Rights Revolution

Ⅲ.The Human Right to Health and Infectious Disease Control

A.Right to Health in International Law

B.Content of the Right to Health

1.An Indeterminate Norm?

2.Consensus on Certain Principles

3.Maximum and Minimum Content

4.Minimum Content Analysis Through Treaty Law

C.Summary on the Right to Health

Ⅳ.HIV/AIDS: Development of a Human Rights Discourse during an Infectious Disease Pandemic

A.HIV/AIDS as the Catalyst for the Union of Public Health and Human Rights

B.Human Rights Implications of the HIV/AIDS Pandemic

1.HIV/AIDS and Civil and Political Rights

（a） Dealing with Those Infected with HIV/AIDS

（b） Surveillance in the Community

2.HIV/AIDS and Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights

C.Implementation and Enforcement

Ⅴ.Conclusion: Human Rights, Infectious Diseases, and Microbialpolitik

7.War, Weapons, and Infectious Diseases

Ⅰ.Introduction

Ⅱ.War as Disruption of the Human-Microbe Environment

Ⅲ.International Legal Rules on How Force is Used: Regulating Weapons and Targets

A.Weapons

1.Biological Weapons

2.Conventional Weapons

B.Targets

Ⅳ.Coping with the Adverse Public Health Consequences of War

A.Combatants

1.Wounded and Sick Combatants

2.Prisoners of War

B.Non-combatants

Ⅴ.War Crimes and Public Health

Ⅵ.Conclusion: Microbialpolitik and International Law on Armed Conflict

8.International Environmental Law and Infectious Diseases

Ⅰ.Introduction

Ⅱ.Environmental Degradation and Infectious Diseases

A.Air Pollution

B.Water Pollution

C.Marine Pollution

D.Deforestation

E.Depletion of the Ozone Layer

F.Climate Change

Ⅲ.International Environmental Law and Infectious Diseases

A.Air Pollution

B.Water Pollution

C.Marine Pollution

D.Deforestation

1.Convention on Biodiversity

2.Statement of Forest Principles

3.Deforestation and the Health of Indigenous Peoples

E.Depletion of the Ozone Layer

F.Climate Change

Ⅳ.International Environmental Law and Microbialpolitik

9.Microbialpolitik, International Law, and Global Health Jurisprudence

Ⅰ.Introduction

Ⅱ.Microbialpolitik and International Law

A.Evolution of Microbialpolitik and International Law on Infectious Diseases

B.An International Regime on Infectious Disease Control?

1.Lessons from WHO’s Predecessor

2.Lessons from Other International Organizations

3.Critical Analysis of These Comparisons

4.Microbialpolitik in the Era of Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases

5.Microbialpolitik and International Law

Ⅲ.Microbialpolitik and International Relations Theory

A.Is Traditional International Relations TheoryRelevant?

B.Realism, Liberalism, and Microbialpolitik

C.Other Theoretical Approaches and Microbialpolitik

1.Critical Theory

2.Social Constructivism

D.Conclusion on Microbialpolitik and International Relations Theory

Ⅳ.The Future of International Law in Microbialpolitik: Global Health Jurisprudence

A.Concept of Global Health Jurisprudence

B.Framework Convention on Infectious Diseases

C.Global Health Jurisprudence and New Areas of Infectious Disease Concern

D.Global Health Jurisprudence and Microbialpolitik

10.Conclusion: A ‘Never Ending Defeat’?

Appendix Proposal for a World Health Organization Framework Convention on Global Infectious Disease Prevention and Control

Bibliography

Index