Introduction

Chapter Ⅰ. Public and Private Rights in the Coastal Zone

A. Ownership of Land and Resources in the Coastal Zone

B. The Boundary Between Public and Private Lands

C. Ambulatory Boundaries

D. The Significance of Public Ownership

1. The Public Trust Doctrine

2. The Geographic Scope of the Public Trust Doctrine

3. Divestment of Public Trust Lands

E. Rights of Riparian or Littoral Owners

1. The Scope of Riparian or Littoral Rights

2. Limits on Riparian Rights—The Navigation Servitude

Chapter Ⅱ. Preserving Shore Rights and Resources

A. Public Access to Beaches and Shores

1. Public Easements by Prescription

2. Implied Dedication

3. Customary Use

A. Public Access to Beaches and Shores-Continued

4. The Public Trust Doctrine

5. Statutes and Regulations

6. The Nature of a Public Easement

B. Regulation of Coastal Development

1. Limiting Infrastructure Funding

2. Coastal Construction Regulation

C. Protecting Coastal Wetlands

D. Coastal Resources Management and the Takings Issue

1. Public Beach Access

2. Coastal Construction Regulation

3. Wetlands Regulation

Chapter Ⅲ. Cooperative Management of Ocean and Coastal Resources

A. Ocean Jurisdictional Zones and Boundaries

1. International Jurisdictional Zones

a. The Territorial Sea

b. The Contiguous Zone

c. The Continental Shelf

d. Fishery Zones and Exclusive Economic Zones

e. The High Seas

f. The International Seabed Area

2. Domestic Jurisdiction-The Tidelands Controversy and the Submerged Lands Act

B. Management of Fishery Resources

1. Historical Background of State Fisheries Management

2. Federal Fisheries Management

3. Federalism and Fisheries Management After Enactment of the MFCMA

a. Interpretation of "Registered"

b. Federal Preemption

c. Other Constitutional Challenges

d. Enforcement Issues

C. Coastal Zone Management

1. Framework of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972

2. Development and Approval of State Programs

3. Operation of the CZMA

a. Programmatic Approaches

b. Coastal Zone Boundaries

c. The CZMA and the Commerce Clause

4. Intergovernmental Cooperation and the CZMA-The Federal Consistency Requirement

a. Effects Triggering Consistency Review

b. Maximum Extent Practicable

c. Positive Consistency

d. Appealing Consistency Determinations

D. Management of Special Areas

1. The National Estuarine Research Reserve System

2. National Marine Sanctuaries

Chapter Ⅳ. Offshore Resource Management

A. Oil and Gas Development on the Outer Continental Shelf

1. The OCSLA Leasing and Development Program

a. The Five-Year Lease Program

b. The Lease Sale

c. Exploration and Development Plans

2. OCS Revenue Sharing

B. Marine Minerals Mining

1. OCS Hard Mineral Mining

2. Deep Seabed Hard Mineral Resources

C. Marine Salvage and Historic Preservation

1. Background

2. The Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987

D. Management of Protected and Endangered Marine Species

1. Whales

a. Background

b. The 1946 International Whaling Convention

c. United States' Enforcement of the International Whaling Convention

d. Other United States Action to Protect Whales

D. Management of Protected and Endangered Marine Species-Continued

2. Marine Mammal Protection

a. The Marine Mammal Protection Act

b. Marine Mammal-Fisheries Interactions

(1) The Tuna-Dolphin Controversy

(2) Incidental Taking in Other Commercial Fisheries

(3) High Seas Driftnet Fisheries

c. Marine Mammal Protection and GATT

3. The Endangered Species Act

Chapter Ⅴ. Pollution and the Marine Environment

A. Oil Pollution and Oil Spills

1. The International Regime

2. Domestic Oil Pollution Regulation

a. Prohibitions and Enforcement Under the Clean Water Act Section 311

b. Liability for Clean Up Costs and Damages

(1) Traditional Maritime Tort and Common Law Remedies

(2) The Oil Pollution Act of 1990

(3) Which Law?

(4) Pollution Prevention and Spill Response

B. Ocean Dumping

C. Persistent Marine Debris-Plastics

D. The Law of the Sea Convention and Marine Pollution

Chapter Ⅵ. Domestic Ocean Policy and the Law of the Sea

A. The Current Context of the Law of the Sea

B. The Territorial Sea

1. Baselines

2. Rights and Duties of Coastal Nations-Navigation

C. The Continental Shelf

D. Fishery and Exclusive Economic Zones

E. The High Seas

F. The International Seabed Area

1. The International Seabed Regime of the Los Convention

2. The United States Objections

3. The Seabed Provisions and the Future of the Los Convention

G. Maritime Boundary Delimitation

1. Background

2. United States Maritime Boundaries

a. Cuba-United States Boundary

b. Mexico-United States Boundaries

c. Soviet Union (Russia)-United States Boundary

d. U.S. Possessions and Territories

G. Maritime Boundary Delimitation-Continued

e. United States-Canada Boundary in the Gulf of Maine

H. Marine Scientific Research

Chapter Ⅶ. UNCED and the Marine Environment

A. Background

B. The Action Plan for the Oceans

1. Marine Environmental Protection

2. High Seas Marine Living Resources

3. Climate Change

INDEX