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内容简介
Introduction
1. The Development of International Environmental Law
2. The Concept of Sustainable Development
3. The Role of Compensation in International Environmental Law
4. Remarks about the Present Study
Chapter 1 Preliminary Observations about the Relation between Environment and Legal Rules
1. Introduction
2. Property Rights and the Environment
2.1. General Remarks
2.2. The Relation between Property and Environment
2.3. Environmental Protection and Liability Mechanisms Under National Law
2.4. The Intrinsic Value of the Environment
2.5. National Decisions Related to Environmental Damage
3. The Environment as a Public Domain
3.1. General Remarks
3.2. The Public Trust Doctrine
3.3. Public Regulations and Environmental Protection
3.4. Environmental Policies and Interference in Private Property
3.5. Interference in Private Property for Environmental Concerns：Overview of International Case Law
4. The Protection of the Environment through Human Rights
4.1. General Remarks
4.2. The Right to Life and the Right to a Private Life in Cases of Pollution
4.3. The Protection of Natural Resources Through the Rights of Indigenous People
5. Environment and Constitutional Law
6. Conclusions of the First Part
Chapter 2 Environmental Protection and International Law
1. Introduction
2. Environmental Damages and International Responsibility
2.1. General Remarks
2.2. Environmental Damages in International Law
2.3. Environmental Damages and Economic Losses Under International Responsibility
2.4. Why the Reimbursement of Direct and Indirect Costs Does Not Remedy Environmental Damages？
3. Conclusion of the Second Part
Chapter 3 Overview of Compensation Standards in International Law
1. Introduction
2. International Jurisprudence
2.1. General Remarks
2.2. Early Arbitrations
2.3. The Permanent Court of International Justice
2.4. The International Court of Justice
2.5. Other International Courts
3. Liability Treaties
3.1. General Remarks
3.2. Pollution of the Sea
3.3. Nuclear Activities
3.4. Other Treaties
4. Resolutions， Documents and Reports from International Organizations
4.1. General Remarks
4.2. Institut du Droit International
4.3. International Law Commission
4.4. United Nations Environmental Programme
4.5. European Commission
5. Conclusion of the Third Part
Chapter 4 Elements of Fair Compensation in International Law
1. Introduction
2. Fairness and Satisfaction Among the Parties
2.1. General Remarks
2.2. Settlements by Lump Sum Agreements
2.3. Settlements by Ex Gratia Payments
3. Fairness as a Principle Governing the Establishment of Compensation
3.1. General Remarks
3.2. The Balance of Interests
3.3. References to Equity， Proportionality and Reasonableness
3.4. Equity and Inexistence of Applicable Law
4. Economics and Fair Compensation
4.1. General Remarks
4.2. Compensation as An Incentive for Environmental Protection
4.3. Compensation and ‘Efficient Liability’
4.4. Difficulties on Presenting the Environment in Economic Theory
4.5. Economic Valuation of the Environment
4.6. The Contribution and the Limitations of Insurance in Relation to Environmental Risks
5. A Punitive Approach to Fair Compensation
5.1. General Remarks
5.2. Punitive Awards and International Responsibility
5.3. Punitive Awards and Environmental Claims
6. Conclusion of the Fourth Part
Chapter 5 Towards a Framework of Elements for the Compensation of Environmental Damages
1. Introduction
2. Consideration of the Instrumental Principles of International Environmental Law
2.1. General Remarks
2.2. The Principle of Prevention
2.3. The Polluter Pays Principle
2.4. The Precautionary Principle
3. Incorporating Scientific Elements in International Decisions
4. Respecting the Interests of the Third Parties
4.1. General Remarks
4.2. Commons： Areas of International Concern
4.3. Compliance with Multilateral Environmental Agreements
5. Evaluating the Conduct of the Parties
5.1. General Remarks
5.2. Contributory Fault and Environmental Damages
5.3. Aggravated Damages and Deterrence
6. Conclusion of the Fifth Part
Conclusions
Bibliography
Index
