PART Ⅰ

1 Law and International Environmental Management

1.1 The International Environment

1.1.1 Limits of the Biosphere

1.1.2 Pollution in the International Context

1.2 The Legal Response

1.2.1 Structural Changes

1.2.2 National - International

1.2.3 Coexistence - Co-operation

1.2.4 Reparation - Prevention

1.2.5 Laissez-faire - Coordination

1.2.6 Absolute Sources Doctrine - Relative Normativity

1.2.7 Piece-by-piece - Holism

1.2.8 Shortcomings

1.3 A Theory on the Compatibility of International and National Environmental Law

1.3.1 Components of International Environmental Law and Management

1.3.2 National Means for the Implementation of Environmental Treaties

1.3.3 The Concept of Compatibility

1.3.4 Incompatibility of International and National Environmental Law

1.3.5 Enforcement of International Environmental Law

2 Linking International and National Environmental Law

2.1 Outlines of the Chapter

2.2 The Systematic Relation of International and National Law

2.2.1 Ecology and Law as Systems

2.2.2 International and National Law； One or Several Legal Systems？

2.2.3 Hans Kelsen vs Dionisio Anzilotti

2.2.4 Criticism and Conclusion

2.3 Does International Law Concern the Legal Position of Individuals？

2.4 International Obligations not Related to the Legal Position of Individuals

2.5 International Obligations Related to the Legal Position of Individuals

2.5.1 “Rights” and “Duties”

2.5.2 Legal Positions - “Jural Correlatives”

2.5.3 A Legal or Factual Situation？

2.6 Conclusions

3 Normative Structures and the Discretion of States

3.1 Outlines of the Chapter

3.2 Norms of Conduct and Norms of Competence in International Environmental Law

3.3 Defining International Obligations on Pollution Control

3.3.1 Different Normative Structures and Criteria

3.3.2 Balancing Norms

3.3.3 Fixed Norms

3.3.4 Goal-oriented Norms

3.3.5 Domestic Procedures

3.3.6 Non-discrimination

3.4 External Aspects of the Different Structures

3.5 Discretion

3.6 Conclusions

PART Ⅱ

4 International Obligations Defined by Balancing Norms

4.1 Outlines of the Chapter

4.2 Due Diligence Obligations

4.2.1 Customary Due Diligence Obligations

4.2.2 Codified Due Diligence Obligations

4.2.3 Criteria for Implementation

4.3 Stricter Obligations of Balancing Norms

4.3.1 Introduction； between Due Diligence and Complete Prohibition

4.3.2 Concepts Indicating Stricter Requirements than Due Diligence

4.3.3 Criteria for Implementation

4.4 Balancing Source Standards

4.4.1 Introduction； Historical Development

4.4.2 The Concept of Best Available Technology in International Law

4.4.3 Other Balancing Source Standards of International Law

4.4.4 Criteria for Implementation

4.5 Conclusions

5 International Obligations Defined by Fixed Norms

5.1 Outlines of the Chapter

5.2 Percentage Reduction Obligations

5.2.1 Introduction

5.2.2 Issue Areas

5.2.3 Criteria for Implementation

5.3 Complete Prohibitions

5.3.1 Introduction

5.3.2 Issue Areas

5.3.3 Criteria for Implementation

5.4 Fixed Source Standards

5.4.1 Introduction

5.4.2 Issue Areas

5.4.3 Criteria for Implementation

5.5 Civil Liability

5.5.1 Introduction

5.5.2 Issue Areas

5.5.3 Criteria for Implementation

5.6 Conclusions

6 International Obligations Defined by Goal-oriented Norms

6.1 Outlines of the Chapter

6.2 Recipient Standards/Objectives

6.2.1 Introduction

6.2.2 Issue Areas

6.2.3 Criteria for Implementation

6.3 Other Goal-oriented Approaches in a Transboundary Context

6.3.1 The “Threshold Concept” of Customary International Law

6.3.2 Critical Loads and Transboundary Pollution

6.4 Conclusions

7 International Obligations Relating to Domestic Procedures

7.1 Outlines of the Chapter

7.2 Prior Approval by National Institution

7.3 Environmental Impact Assessment

7.4 Public Participation and Legal Standing

7.5 Conclusions

8 International Obligations on Non-discrimination

8.1 Outlines of the Chapter

8.2 Issue Areas

8.3 Conclusions

9 Some Remarks on the Legal Approaches Presented

PART Ⅲ

10 Integrating Environmental Treaties with Domestic Law

10.1 Outlines of the Chapter

10.2 Consideration of Treaties by Domestic Institutions

10.2.1 Particular Treaty Incorporation

10.2.2 Various Approaches to Direct Application of Treaties

10.2.3 A Domestic Legal Source？

10.3 Normative Integration and the Notion of Compatibility of International and National Environmental Law

10.3.1 Pro et Contra

10.3.2 Normative Integration and Different Approaches of International Environmental Law

10.4 Conclusions

11 Sustainable Development

11.1 Outlines of the Chapter

11.2 Sustainable Development and the North-South Issue

11.3 The Legal Impact on Pollution Control

11.3.1 The World Commission on Environment and Development

11.3.2 The WCED Experts Group on Environmental Law

11.3.3 An Evolving Legal Principle？

11.3.4 Attempts of Specification

11.4 Transposing the Objective to Operational Standards

11.4.1 Three Key Constituents

11.4.2 Environmental Quality

11.4.3 Pro et Contra

11.4.4 Precaution and Environmental Impact Assessments

11.5 Sustainable Development and the Compatibility of International and National Environmental Law

Table of Treaties and Other International Documents

Table of Cases

Bibliography

Index