1.Introduction

Learning Objectives

1.1 Historical Perspective

1.2 Materials Science and Engineering

1.3 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering？

1.4 Classification of Materials

Materials of Importance—Carbonated Beverage Containers

1.5 Advanced Materials

1.6 Modern Materials Needs

1.7 Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Correlations

Summary

References

Question

2.Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding

Learning Objectives

2.1 Introduction

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

2.2 Fundamental Concepts

2.3 Electrons in Atoms

2.4 The Periodic Table

ATOMIC BONDING IN SOLIDS

2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies

2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds

2.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Waals Bonding

Materials of Importance—Water （Its Volume Expansion Upon Freezing）

2.8 Molecules

Summary

Equation Summary

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary

Important Terms and Concepts

References

Questions and Problems

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems

3.Structures of Metals and Ceramics

Learning Objectives

3.1 Introduction

CRYSTAL STRUCTURES

3.2 Fundamental Concepts

3.3 Unit Cells

3.4 Metallic Crystal Structures

3.5 Density Computations—Metals

3.6 Ceramic Crystal Structures

3.7 Density Computations—Ceramics

3.8 Silicate Ceramics

3.9 Carbon

Materials of Importance—Carbon Nanotubes

3.10 Polymorphism and Allotropy

3.11 Crystal Systems

Material of Importance—Tin （Its Allotropic Transformation）

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC POINTS，DIRECTIONS，AND PLANES

3.12 Point Coordinates

3.13 Crystallographic Directions

3.14 Crystallographic Planes

3.15 Linear and Planar Densities

3.16 Close-Packed Crystal Structures

CRYSTALLINE AND NONCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS

3.17 Single Crystals

3.18 Polycrystalline Materials

3.19 Anisotropy

3.20 X-Ray Diffraction：Determination of Crystal Structures

3.21 Noncrystalline Solids

Summary

Equation Summary

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary

Important Terms and Concepts

References

Questions and Problems

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems

4.Polymer Structures

Learning Objectives

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Hydrocarbon Molecules

4.3 Polymer Molecules

4.4 The Chemistry of Polymer Molecules

4.5 Molecular Weight

4.6 Molecular Shape

4.7 Molecular Structure

4.8 Molecular Configurations

4.9 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymers

4.10 Copolymers

4.11 Polymer Crystallinity

4.12 Polymer Crystals

Summary

Equation Summary

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary

Important Terms and Concepts

References

Questions and Problems

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems

5.Imperfections in Solids

Learning Objectives

5.1 Introduction

POINT DEFECTS

5.2 Point Defects in Metals

5.3 Point Defects in Ceramics

5.4 Impurities in Solids

5.5 Point Defects in Polymers

5.6 Specification of Composition

MISCELLANEOUS IMPERFECTIONS

5.7 Dislocations—Linear Defects

5.8 Interfacial Defects

5.9 Bulk or Volume Defects

5.10 Atomic Vibrations

MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION

5.11 Basic Concepts of Microscopy

Materials of Importance—Catalysts （and Surface Defects）

5.12 Microscopic Techniques

5.13 Grain Size Determination

Summary

Equation Summary

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary

Important Terms and Concepts

References

Questions and Problems

Design Problems

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems

6.Diffusion

Learning Objectives

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Diffusion Mechanisms

6.3 Steady-State Diffusion

6.4 Nonsteady-State Diffusion

6.5 Factors That Influence Diffusion

6.6 Diffusion in Semiconducting Materials

Material of Importance—Aluminum for Integrated Circuit Interconnects

6.7 Other Diffusion Paths

6.8 Diffusion in Ionic and Polymeric Materials

Summary

Equation Summary

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary

Important Terms and Concepts

References

Questions and Problems

Design Problems

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems

7.Mechanical Properties

Learning Objectives

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain

ELASTIC DEFORMATION

7.3 Stress-Strain Behavior

7.4 Anelasticity

7.5 Elastic Properties of Materials

MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR-METALS

7.6 Tensile Properties

7.7 True Stress and Strain

7.8 Elastic Recovery After Plastic Deformation

7.9 Compressive，Shear，and Torsional Deformation

MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR-CERAMICS

7.10 Flexural Strength

7.11 Elastic Behavior

7.12 Influence of Porosity on the Mechanical Properties of Ceramics

MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR-POLYMERS

7.13 Stress-Strain Behavior

7.14 Macroscopic Deformation

7.15 Viscoelastic Deformation

HARDNESS AND OTHER MECHANICAL PROPERTY CONSIDERATIONS

7.16 Hardness

7.17 Hardness of Ceramic Materials

7.18 Tear Strength and Hardness of Polymers

PROPERTY VARIABILITY AND DESIGN/SAFETY FACTORS

7.19 Variability of Material Properties

7.20 Design/Safety Factors

Summary

Equation Summary

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary

Important Terms and Concepts

References

Questions and Problems

Design Problems

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems

8.Deformation and Strengthening Mechanisms

Learning Objectives

8.1 Introduction

DEFORMATION MECHANISMS FOR METALS

8.2 Historical

8.3 Basic Concepts of Dislocations

8.4 Characteristics of Dislocations

8.5 Slip Systems

8.6 Slip in Single Crystals

8.7 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Metals

8.8 Deformation by Twinning

MECHANISMS OF STRENGTHENING IN METALS

8.9 Strengthening by Grain Size Reduction

8.10 Solid-Solution Strengthening

8.11 Strain Hardening

RECOVERY，RECRYSTAL LIZATION，AND GRAIN GROWTH

8.12 Recovery

8.13 Recrystallization

8.14 Grain Growth

DEFORMATION MECHANISMS FOR CERAMIC MATERIALS

8.15 Crystalline Ceramics

8.16 Noncrystalline Ceramics

MECHANISMS OF DEFORMATION AND FOR STRENGTHENING OF POLYMERS

8.17 Deformation of Semicrystalline Polymers

8.18 Factors That Influence the Mechanical Properties of Semicrystalline Polymers

Materials of Importance—Shrink-Wrap Polymer Films

8.19 Deformation of Elastomers

Summary

Equation Summary

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary

Important Terms and Concepts

References

Questions and Problems

Design Problems

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems

9.Failure

Learning Objectives

9.1 Introduction

FRACTURE

9.2 Fundamentals of Fracture

9.3 Ductile Fracture

9.4 Brittle Fracture

9.5 Principles of Fracture Mechanics

9.6 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics

9.7 Fracture of Polymers

9.8 Fracture Toughness Testing

FATIGUE

9.9 Cyclic Stresses

9.10 The S-N Curve

9.11 Fatigue in Polymeric Materials

9.12 Crack Initiation and Propagation

9.13 Factors That Affect Fatigue Life

9.14 Environmental Effects

CREEP

9.15 Generalized Creep Behavior

9.16 Stress and Temperature Effects

9.17 Data Extrapolation Methods

9.18 Alloys for High-Temperature Use

9.19 Creep in Ceramic and Polymeric Materials

Summary

Equation Summary

Important Terms and Concepts

References

Questions and Problems

Design Problems

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems

10.Phase Diagrams

Learning Objectives

10.1 Introduction

DEFINITIONS AND BASIC CONCEPTS

10.2 Solubility Limit

10.3 Phases

10.4 Microstructure

10.5 Phase Equilibria

10.6 One-Component （or Unary） Phase Diagrams

BINARY PHASE DIAGRAMS

10.7 Binary Isomorphous Systems

10.8 Interpretation of Phase Diagrams

10.9 Development of Microstructure in Isomorphous Alloys

10.10 Mechanical Properties of Isomorphous Alloys

10.11 Binary Eutectic Systems

10.12 Development of Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys

Materials of Importance—Lead-Free Solders

10.13 Equilibrium Diagrams Having Intermediate Phases or Compounds

10.14 Eutectoid and Peritectic Reactions

10.15 Congruent Phase Transformations

10.16 Ceramic Phase Diagrams

10.17 Ternary Phase Diagrams

10.18 The Gibbs Phase Rule

THE IRON-CARBON SYSTEM

10.19 The Iron-Iron Carbide （Fe-Fe3C） Phase Diagram

10.20 Development of Microstructure in Iron-Carbon Alloys

10.21 The Influence of Other Alloying Elements

Summary

Equation Summary

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary

Important Terms and Concepts

References

Questions and Problems

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems

11.Phase Transformations

Learning Objectives

11.1 Introduction

PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN METALS

11.2 Basic Concepts

11.3 The Kinetics of Phase Transformations

11.4 Metastable Versus Equilibrium States

MICROSTRUCTURAL AND PROPERTY CHANGES IN IRON-CARBON ALLOYS

11.5 Isothermal Transformation Diagrams

11.6 Continuous-Cooling Transformation Diagrams

11.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron-Carbon Alloys

11.8 Tempered Martensite

11.9 Review of Phase Transformations and Mechanical Properties for Iron-Carbon Alloys

Materials of Importance—Shape-Memory Alloys

PRECIPITATION HARDENING

11.10 Heat Treatments

11.11 Mechanism of Hardening

11.12 Miscellaneous Considerations

CRYSTALLIZATION，MELTING，AND GLASS TRANSITION PHENOMENA IN POLYMERS

11.13 Crystallization

11.14 Melting

11.15 The Glass Transition

11.16 Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures

11.17 Factors That Influence Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures

Summary

Equation Summary

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary

Important Terms and Concepts

References

Questions and Problems

Design Problems

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems

12.Electrical Properties

Learning Objectives

12.1 Introduction

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION

12.2 Ohm’s Law

12.3 Electrical Conductivity

12.4 Electronic and Ionic Conduction

12.5 Energy Band Structures in Solids

12.6 Conduction in Terms of Band and Atomic Bonding Models

12.7 Electron Mobility

12.8 Electrical Resistivity of Metals

12.9 Electrical Characteristics of Commercial Alloys

Materials of Importance—Aluminum Electrical Wires

SEMICONDUCTIVITY

12.10 Intrinsic Semiconduction

12.11 Extrinsic Semiconduction

12.12 The Temperature Dependence of Carrier Concentration

12.13 Factors That Affect Carrier Mobility

12.14 The Hall Effect

12.15 Semiconductor Devices

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN IONIC CERAMICS AND IN POLYMERS

12.16 Conduction in Ionic Materials

12.17 Electrical Properties of Polymers

DIELECTRIC BEHAVIOR

12.18 Capacitance

12.19 Field Vectors and Polarization

12.20 Types of Polarization

12.21 Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Constant

12.22 Dielectric Strength

12.23 Dielectric Materials

OTHER ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS

12.24 Ferroelectricity

12.25 Piezoelectricity

Summary

Equation Summary

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary

Important Terms and Concepts

References

Questions and Problems

Design Problems

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems

13.Types and Applications of Materials

Learning Objectives

13.1 Introduction

TYPES OF METAL ALLOYS

13.2 Ferrous Alloys

13.3 Nonferrous Alloys

Materials of Importance—Metal Alloys Used for Euro Coins

TYPES OF CERAMICS

13.4 Glasses

13.5 Glass-Ceramics

13.6 Clay Products

13.7 Refractories

13.8 Abrasives

13.9 Cements

13.10 Advanced Ceramics

Materials of Importance—Piezoelectric Ceramics

13.11 Diamond and Graphite

TYPES OF POLYMERS

13.12 Plastics

Materials of Importance—Phenolic Billiard Balls

13.13 Elastomers

13.14 Fibers

13.15 Miscellaneous Applications

13.16 Advanced Polymeric Materials

Summary

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary

Important Terms and Concepts

References

Questions and Problems

Design Questions

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems

14.Synthesis，Fabrication，and Processing of Materials

Learning Objectives

14.1 Introduction

FABRICATION OF METALS

14.2 Forming Operations

14.3 Casting

14.4 Miscellaneous Techniques

THERMAL PROCESSING OF METALS

14.5 Annealing Processes

14.6 Heat Treatment of Steels

FABRICATION OF CERAMIC MATERIALS

14.7 Fabrication and Processing of Glasses and Glass-Ceramics

14.8 Fabrication and Processing of Clay Products

14.9 Powder Pressing

14.10 Tape Casting

SYNTHESIS AND FABRICATION OF POLYMERS

14.11 Polymerization

14.12 Polymer Additives

14.13 Forming Techniques for Plastics

14.14 Fabrication of Elastomers

14.15 Fabrication of Fibers and Films

Summary

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary

Important Terms and Concepts

References

Questions and Problems

Design Problems

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems

15.Composites

Learning Objectives

15.1 Introduction

PARTICLE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES

15.2 Large-Particle Composites

15.3 Dispersion-Strengthened Composites

FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES

15.4 Influence of Fiber Length

15.5 Influence of Fiber Orientation and Concentration

15.6 The Fiber Phase

15.7 The Matrix Phase

15.8 Polymer-Matrix Composites

15.9 Metal-Matrix Composites

15.10 Ceramic-Matrix Composites

15.11 Carbon-Carbon Composites

15.12 Hybrid Composites

15.13 Processing of Fiber-Reinforced Composites

STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES

15.14 Laminar Composites

15.15 Sandwich Panels

Materials of Importance—Nanocomposite Barrier Coatings

Summary

Equation Summary

Important Terms and Concepts

References

Questions and Problems

Design Problems

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems

16.Corrosion and Degradation of Materials

Learning Objectives

16.1 Introduction

CORROSION OF METALS

16.2 Electrochemical Considerations

16.3 Corrosion Rates

16.4 Prediction of Corrosion Rates

16.5 Passivity

16.6 Environmental Effects

16.7 Forms of Corrosion

16.8 Corrosion Environments

16.9 Corrosion Prevention

16.10 Oxidation

CORROSION OF CERAMIC MATERIALS

DEGRADATION OF POLYMERS

16.11 Swelling and Dissolution

16.12 Bond Rupture

16.13 Weathering

Summary

Equation Summary

Important Terms and Concepts

References

Questions and Problems

Design Problems

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems

17.Thermal Properties

Learning Objectives

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Heat Capacity

17.3 Thermal Expansion

Materials of Importance—Invar and Other Low-Expansion Alloys

17.4 Thermal Conductivity

17.5 Thermal Stresses

Summary

Equation Summary

Important Terms and Concepts

References

Questions and Problems

Design Problems

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems

18.Magnetic Properties

Learning Objectives

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Basic Concepts

18.3 Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism

18.4 Ferromagnetism

18.5 Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism

18.6 The Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior

18.7 Domains and Hysteresis

18.8 Magnetic Anisotropy

18.9 Soft Magnetic Materials

Materials of Importance—An Iron-Silicon Alloy That Is Used in Transformer Cores

18.10 Hard Magnetic Materials

18.11 Magnetic Storage

18.12 Superconductivity

Summary

Equation Summary

Important Terms and Concepts

References

Questions and Problems

Design Problems

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems

19.Optical Properties

Learning Objectives

19.1 Introduction

BASIC CONCEPTS

19.2 Electromagnetic Radiation

19.3 Light Interactions With Solids

19.4 Atomic and Electronic Interactions

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NONMETALS

19.5 Refraction

19.6 Reflection

19.7 Absorption

19.8 Transmission

19.9 Color

19.10 Opacity and Translucency in Insulators

APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL PHENOMENA

19.11 Luminescence

19.12 Photoconductivity

Materials of Importance—Light-Emitting Diodes

19.13 Lasers

19.14 Optical Fibers in Communications

Summary

Equation Summary

Important Terms and Concepts

References

Questions and Problems

Design Problem

Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems

20.Economic，Environmental，and Societal Issues in Materials Science and Engineering

Learning Objectives

20.1 Introduction

ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS

20.2 Component Design

20.3 Materials

20.4 Manufacturing Techniques

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIETAL CONSIDERATIONS

20.5 Recycling Issues in Materials Science and Engineering

Materials of Importance—Biodegradable and Biorenewable Polymers/Plastics

Summary

References

Design Questions

Appendix A The International System of Units （SI）

Appendix B Properties of Selected Engineering Materials

B.1 Density

B.2 Modulus of Elasticity

B.3 Poisson’s Ratio

B.4 Strength and Ductility

B.5 Plane Strain Fracture Toughness

B.6 Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

B.7 Thermal Conductivity

B.8 Specific Heat

B.9 Electrical Resistivity

B.10 Metal Alloy Compositions

Appendix C Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials

Appendix D Repeat Unit Structures for Common Polymers

Appendix E Glass Transition and Melting Temperatures for Common Polymeric Materials

Mechanical Engineering Online Support Module Library of Case Studies Glossary

Answers to Selected Problems

Index