SECTION Ⅰ FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROBIOLOGY&Stephen A. Morse, PhD, and Timothy A. Meitzner, PhD

1. The Science of Microbiology

Introduction

Biologic Principles Illustrated by Microbiology

Viruses

Prions

Prokaryotes

Protists

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

2. Cell Structure

Optical Methods

Eukaryotic Cell Structure

Prokaryotic Cell Structure

Staining

Morphologic Changes During Growth

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

3. Classification of Bacteria

Taxonomy—The Vocabulary of Medical Microbiology

Criteria for Classification of Bacteria

Classification Systems

Description of the Major Categories and Groups of Bacteria

Subtyping and Its Application

Nucleic Acid-Based Taxonomy

Nonculture Methods for the Identification of Pathogenic Microorganisms

Objectives

Review Questions

4. The Growth, Survival, and Death of Microorganisms

Survival of Microorganisms in the Natural Environment

The Meaning of Growth

Exponential Growth

The Growth Curve

Maintenance of Cells in the Exponential Phase

Definition and Measurement of Death

Antimicrobial Agents

Objectives

Review Questions

5. Cultivation of Microorganisms

Requirements for Growth

Sources of Metabolic Energy

Nutrition

Environmental Factors Affecting Growth

Cultivation Methods

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

6. Microbial Metabolism

Role of Metabolism in Biosynthesis and Growth

Focal Metabolites and Their Interconversion

Assimilatory Pathways

Biosynthetic Pathways

Patterns of Microbial Energy-Yielding Metabolism

Regulation of Metabolic Pathways

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

7. Microbial Genetics

Organization of Genes

Replication

Transfer of DNA

Mutation and Gene Rearrangement

Gene Expression

Genetic Engineering

Characterization of Cloned DNA

Site-Directed Mutagenesis

Analysis With Cloned DNA: Hybridization Probes

Manipulation of Cloned DNA

Objectives

Objectives

SECTION Ⅱ IMMUNOLOGY&Barbara Detrick, PhD

8. Immunology

Overview

Innate Immunity

Adaptive Immunity

Complement

Cytokines

Hypersensitivity

Deficiencies of the Immune Response

Clinical Immunology Laboratory （Diagnostic Testing）

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

SECTIONⅢ BACTERIOLOGY&Karen C. Carroll, MD

9. Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infection

Identifying Bacteria That Cause Disease

Transmission of Infection

The Infectious Process

Genomics and Bacterial Pathogenicity

Regulation of Bacterial Virulence Factors

Bacterial Virulence Factors

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

10. Normal Human Microbiota

Human Microbiome Project

Role of the Resident Microbiota

Normal Microbiota of the Skin

Normal Microbiota of the Mouth and Upper Respiratory Tract

Normal Microbiota of the Urethra

Normal Microbiota of the Vagina

Normal Microbiota of the Conjunctiva

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

11. Spore-Forming Gram-Positive Bacilli: Bacillus and Clostridium Species

Bacillus Species

Bacillus anthracis

Bacillus cereus

Clostridium Species

Clostridium botulinum

Clostridium tetani

Clostridia That Produce Invasive Infections

Clostridium difficile and Diarrheal Disease

Review Questions

12. Aerobic Non-Spore-Forming Gram-Positive Bacilli: Corynebacterium, Listeria,Erysipelothrix, Actinomycetes, and Related Pathogens

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Other Coryneform Bacteria

Listeria monocytogenes

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Actinomycetes

Nocardiosis

Actinomycetoma

Review Questions

13. The Staphylococci

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

14. The Streptococci, Enterococci, and Related Genera

Classification of Streptococci

Streptococci of Particular Medical Interest

Streptococcus pyogenes

Streptococcus agalactiae

Groups C and G

Group D Streptococci

Streptococcus anginosus Group

Group N Streptococci

Groups E, F, G, H, and K-U Streptococci

Viridans Streptococci

Nutritionally Variant Streptococci

Peptostreptococcus and Related Genera

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Enterococci

Other Catalase-Negative Gram-Positive Cocci

Review Questions

15. Enteric Gram-Negative Rods（Enterobacteriaceae）

Classification

Diseases Caused by Enterobacteriaceae Other Than Salmonella and Shigella

The Shigellae

The Salmonella-Arizona Group

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

16. Pseudomonads, Acinetobacters, and Uncommon Gram-Negative Bacteria

The Pseudomonad Group

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Burkholderia pseudomallei

Burkholderia mallei

Burkholderia cepacia Complex and Burkholderia Gladioli

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

Acinetobacter

Other Pseudomonads

Uncommon Gram-Negative Bacteria

Aggregatibacter

Achromobacter and Alcaligenes

Ochrobactrum

Capnocytophaga

Cardiobacterium

Chromobacteria

Eikenella corrodens

Chryseobacterium

Kingella

Moraxella

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

17. Vibrios, Campylobacters, Helicobacter,and Associated Bacteria

The Vibrios

Vibrio Cholerae

Vibrio Parahaemolyticus and Other Vibrios

Aeromonas

Plesiomonas

Campylobacter

Campylobacter Jejuni and Campylobacter Coli

Campylobacter fetus

Other Campylobacters

Helicobacter Pylori

Review Questions

18. Haemophilus, Bordetella, Brucella,and Francisella

The Haemophilus Species

Haemophilus influenzae

Haemophilus aegyptius

Aggregatibacter aphrophilus

Haemophilus ducreyi

Other Haemophilus Species

The Bordetellae

Bordetella pertussis

Bordetella parapertussis

Bordetella bronchiseptica

The Brucellae

Francisella Tularensis and Tularemia

Review Questions

19. Yersinia and Pasteurella

Yersinia pestis and Plague

Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

Pasteurella

Review Questions

20. The Neisseriae

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Neisseria meningitidis

Other Neisseriae

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

21. Infections Caused by Anaerobic Bacteria

Physiology and Growth Conditions for Anaerobes

Anaerobic Bacteria Found in Human Infections

Bacteria That Cause Vaginosis

Gardnerella vaginalis

Mobiluncus Species

Pathogenesis of Anaerobic Infections

Immunity in Anaerobic Infections

The Polymicrobial Nature of Anaerobic Infections

Diagnosis of Anaerobic Infections

Treatment of Anaerobic Infections

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

22. Legionellae, Bartonella, and Unusual Bacterial Pathogens

Legionella pneumophila and Other Legionellae

Bartonella

Streptobacillus moniliformis

Whipple Disease

Review Questions

23. Mycobacteria

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Other Mycobacteria

Mycobacterium leprae

Review Questions

24. Spirochetes and Other Spiral Microorganisms

Treponema

Treponema pallidum and Syphilis

Diseases Related To Syphilis

Borrelia

Borrelia Species and Relapsing Fever

Borrelia burgdorferi and Lyme Disease

Leptospira and Leptospirosis

Other Spirochetal Diseases

Spirillum minor （Spirillum morsus muris）

Spirochetes of the Normal Mouth and Mucous Membranes

Review Questions

25. Mycoplasmas and Cell Wall-Defective Bacteria

Mycoplasmas

Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Atypical Pneumonias

Mycoplasma hominis

Ureaplasma urealyticum

Mycoplasma genitalium

Cell Wall-Defective Bacteria

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

26. Rickettsia and Related Genera

General

Rickettsia and Orientia

Ehrlichia and Anaplasma

Coxiella Burnetii

Review Questions

27. Chlamydia Spp.

Chlamydia Trachomatis Ocular, Genital, and Respiratory Infections

Trachoma

Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infections and Inclusion Conjunctivitis

Chlamydia Trachomatis And Neonatal Pneumonia

Lymphogranuloma Venereum

Chlamydia pneumoniae and Respiratory Infections

Chlamydia psittaci and Psittacosis

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

28. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

Mechanisms Of Action Of Antimicrobial Drugs

Selective Toxicity

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis

Inhibition of Cell Membrane Function

Inhibition of Protein Synthesis

Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis

Resistance To Antimicrobial Drugs

Origin of Drug Resistance

Cross-Resistance

Limitation of Drug Resistance

Clinical Implications of Drug Resistance

Factors Affecting Antimicrobial Activity

Antimicrobial Activity In Vitro

Measurement of Antimicrobial Activity

Drug-Pathogen Relationships

Antimicrobial Activity In Vivo

Host-Pathogen Relationships

Clinical Use Of Antibiotics

Selection of Antibiotics

Dangers of Indiscriminate Use

Antimicrobial Drugs Used in Combination

Antimicrobial Chemoprophylaxis

Antimicrobial Drugs For Systemic Administration

Penicillins

Cephalosporins

Other β-Lactam Drugs

Tetracyclines

Glycylcyclines

Chloramphenicol

Erythromycins

Clindamycin and Lincomycin

Glycopeptides and Lipopeptides

Streptogramins

Oxazolidinones

Bacitracin

Polymyxins

Aminoglycosides

Quinolones

Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim

Other Drugs With Specialized Uses

Drugs Used Primarily To Treat Mycobacterial Infections

Review Questions

SECTION Ⅳ VIROLOGY&Jane Butel, PhD

29. General Properties of Viruses

Terms and Definitions in Virology

Evolutionary Origin of Viruses

Classification of Viruses

Principles of Virus Structure

Chemical Composition of Viruses

Cultivation and Assay of Viruses

Purification and Identification of Viruses

Laboratory Safety

Reaction To Physical and Chemical Agents

Replication of Viruses: An Overview

Genetics of Animal Viruses

Natural History （Ecology） and Modes of Transmission of Viruses

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

30. Pathogenesis and Control of Viral Diseases

Principles of Viral Diseases

Pathogenesis of Viral Diseases

Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

31.Parvoviruses

Properties of Parvoviruses

Parvovirus Infections in Humans

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

32. Adenoviruses

Properties of Adenoviruses

Adenovirus Infections in Humans

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

33.Herpesviruses

Properties of Herpesviruses

Herpesvirus Infections in Humans

Herpes Simplex Viruses

Varicella-Zoster Virus

Cytomegalovirus

Epstein-Barr Virus

Human Herpesvirus 6

Human Herpesvirus 7

Human Herpesvirus 8

B Virus

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

34. Poxviruses

Properties of Poxviruses

Poxvirus Infections in Humans: Vaccinia and Variola

Monkeypox Infections

Cowpox Infections

Buffalopox Infections

Orf Virus Infections

Molluscum Contagiosum

Tanapox and Yaba Monkey Tumor Poxvirus Infections

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

35. Hepatitis Viruses

Properties of Hepatitis Viruses

Hepatitis Virus Infections in Humans

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

36. Picornaviruses （Enterovirus and Rhinovirus Groups）

Properties of Picornaviruses

Enterovirus Group

Polioviruses

Coxsackieviruses

Other Enteroviruses

Enteroviruses in the Environment

Rhinoviruses

Parechovirus Group

Foot-And-Mouth Disease （Aphthovirus Of Cattle）

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

37. Reoviruses, Rotaviruses, and Caliciviruses

Reoviruses and Rotaviruses

Rotaviruses

Reoviruses

Caliciviruses

Orbiviruses and Coltiviruses

Astroviruses

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

38. Arthropod-Borne and Rodent-Borne Viral Diseases

Human Arbovirus Infections

Togavirus and Flavivirus Encephalitis

Yellow Fever

Dengue

Bunyavirus Encephalitis

Sandfly Fever

Rift Valley Fever

Colorado Tick Fever

Rodent-Borne Hemorrhagic Fevers

Bunyavirus Diseases

Arenavirus Diseases

Filovirus Diseases

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

39. Orthomyxoviruses （Influenza Viruses）

Properties of Orthomyxoviruses

Influenza Virus Infections in Humans

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

40. Paramyxoviruses and Rubella Virus

Properties of Paramyxoviruses

Parainfluenza Virus Infections

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections

Human Metapneumovirus Infections

Mumps Virus Infections

Measles （Rubeola） Virus Infections

Hendra Virus and Nipah Virus Infections

Rubella （German Measles） Virus Infections

Postnatal Rubella

Congenital Rubella Syndrome

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

41. Coronaviruses

Properties of Coronaviruses

Coronavirus Infections in Humans

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

42. Rabies, Slow Virus Infections, and Prion Diseases

Rabies

Borna Disease

Slow Virus Infections and Prion Diseases

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

43. Human Cancer Viruses

General Features of Viral Carcinogenesis

Retroviruses

Cellular Oncogenes

Tumor Suppressor Genes

DNA Tumor Viruses

Polyomaviruses

Papillomaviruses

Adenoviruses

Herpesviruses

Poxviruses

Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus

How to Prove That a Virus Causes Human Cancer

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

44. AIDS and Lentiviruses

Properties of Lentiviruses

HIV Infections in Humans

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

SECTION Ⅴ MYCOLOGY&Thomas G.Mitchell,PhD

45. Medical Mycology

General Properties and Classification of Fungi

Growth and Isolation of Fungi

Superficial Mycoses

Cutaneous Mycoses

Key Concepts: Superficial and Cutaneous Mycoses

Subcutaneous Mycoses

Sporotrichosis

Chromoblastomycosis

Phaeohyphomycosis

Mycetoma

Key Concepts: Subcutaneous Mycoses

Endemic Mycoses

Coccidioidomycosis

Histoplasmosis

Blastomycosis

Paracoccidioidomycosis

Key Concepts: Endemic Mycoses

Opportunistic Mycoses

Candidiasis

Cryptococcosis

Aspergillosis

Mucormycosis

Pneumocystis Pneumonia

Penicilliosis

Other Opportunistic Mycoses

Key Concepts: Opportunistic Mycoses

Antifungal Prophylaxis

Hypersensitivity to Fungi

Mycotoxins

Antifungal Chemotherapy

Topical Antifungal Agents

Key Concepts: Antifungal Chemotherapy

Review Questions

SECTION Ⅵ PARASITOLOGY&Judy A.S

46. Medical Parasitology

Classification of Parasites

Intestinal Protozoan Infections

Giardia lamblia （Intestinal Flagellate）

Key Concepts: Parasitic Protozoa

Entamoeba histolytica （Intestinal and Tissue Ameba）

Other Intestinal Amebae

Cryptosporidium （Intestinal Sporozoa）

Cyclospora （Intestinal Sporozoa）

Sexually Transmitted Protozoan Infection

Trichomonas vaginalis （Genitourinary Flagellate）

Blood and Tissue Protozoan Infections

Blood Flagellates

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and T b gambiense （Blood Flagellates）

Trypanosoma cruzi （Blood Flagellate）

Leishmania Species （Blood Flagellates）

Entamoeba histolytica （Tissue Ameba）—See Intestinal Protozoan Infections Section

Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba castellanii,and Balamuthia mandrillaris （Free-LivingAmebae）

Plasmodium Species （Blood Sporozoa）

Babesia microti （Blood Sporozoa）

Toxoplasma gondii （Tissue Sporozoa）

Microsporidia

Intestinal Helminthic Infections

Key Concepts: Parasitic Helminths

Enterobius vermicularis （Pinworm—IntestinalNematode）

Trichuris trichiura （Whipworm—IntestinalNematode）

Ascaris lumbricoides （Human Roundworm—Intestinal Nematode）

Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus（Human Hookworms—Intestinal Nematode）

Strongyloides stercoralis （Human Threadworm—Intestinal and Tissue Nematode）

Trichinella spiralis （Intestinal And TissueNematode）

Fasciolopsis buski （Giant Intestinal Fluke—Intestinal Trematode）

Taenia saginata （Beef Tapeworm—IntestinalCestode） and Taenia Solium （Pork Tapeworm—Intestinal and Tissue Cestode）

Diphyllobothrium latum （Broad Fish Tapeworm—Intestinal Cestode）

Hymenolepis nana （Dwarf Tapeworm—IntestinalCestode）

Dipylidium caninum （Dog Tapeworm—IntestinalCestode）

Wuchereria bancrofti and BrugiaMalayi （Lymphatic Filariasis—TissueNematodes）

Blood and Tissue Helminthic Infections

Onchocerca volvulus （River Blindness—TissueNematode）

Dracunculus medinensis （Guinea Worm—TissueNematode）

Larva Migrans （Zoonotic Larval NematodeInfections）

Clonorchis sinensis （Chinese Liver Fluke）,Fasciola hepatica （Sheep Liver Fluke）, andParagonimus westermani （Lung Fluke）—TissueTrematodes

Schistosoma mansoni, S japonicum, and Shaematobium （Blood Flukes）

Tissue Cestode Infections （Caused by the LarvalStages）

Taenia solium—Cysticercosis/Neurocysticercosis

Echinococcus granulosus （Hydatid Cyst）

Review Questions

SECTION Ⅶ DIAGNOSTIC MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND CLINICAL CORRELATION&Karen C.Carroll,MD

47. Principles of Diagnostic Medical Microbiology

Communication Between Physician and Laboratory

Diagnosis of Bacterial and Fungal Infections

The Importance of Normal Bacterial and Fungal Microbiota

Laboratory Aids in the Selection of Antimicrobial Therapy

Diagnosis of Infection by Anatomic Site

Anaerobic Infections

Diagnosis of Chlamydial Infections

Diagnosis of Viral Infections

Review Questions

48. Cases and Clinical Correlations

Central Nervous System

Respiratory

Heart

Abdomen

Urinary Tract

Bone and Soft Tissue

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infections

HIV-1 and Aids

Infections in Transplant Patients

Biologic Warfare and Bioterrorism