1 Introduction

1.The Changed Nature of Peacekeeping

2.Militarised Peacekeeping： Slouching Towards Crisis

3.Structure of the Book

4.The Definition of Peacekeeping

2 Peacekeeping： The Opposite of Enforcement？

1.Introduction

2.The Changed Nature of Peacekeeping

2.1 Peace Observation Missions

2.2 UNEF I-Type Missions

2.3 Post-UNEF I Non-Militarised Missions

2.4 Militarised Peacekeeping

2.4.1 ONUC （1960-64）

2.4.2 An Agenda for Peace （1992-95）

2.4.3 Twenty-First Century Peacekeeping（October 1999-Present）

2.5 Conclusion on the Changed Nature of Peacekeeping

3.The Changed Nature of Enforcement

3.1 Full-Blown Enforcement

3.2 Sanctions-Related Enforcement

3.3 Quasi-Enforcement

3.4 Conclusions on the Changed Nature of Enforcement

4.The Changed Nature of Peace-Enforcement

4.1 An Agenda for Peace

4.2 Late 1990s

4.3 Twenty-First Century Peace-Enforcement

4.4 Conclusion on the Changed Nature of Peace-Enforcement

5.Conclusion

3 The Peacekeeping Powers of the Security Council and the Limitations Thereupon

1.Introduction

2.Purposes and Principles of the UN

2.1 Article 1： Purposes

2.1.1 Article 1（1）： To Maintain International Peace and Security

2.2 Article 2： Principles

2.2.1 Article 2（1）： Sovereign Equality

2.2.2 Article 2（4）： Non-Use of Force

2.2.3 Article 2（7）： Non-Intervention in Domestic Matters

2.3 Conclusions on Purposes and Principles

3.Security Council Powers

3.1 Chapter Ⅵ Powers

3.2 Chapter Ⅶ Powers

3.2.1 Powers under Article 39

3.2.2 Powers under Article 40

3.2.3 Powers under Article 41

3.2.4 Powers under Article 42

4.Implied Security Council Powers

4.1 Chapter Ⅵ and Implied Powers

4.2 Powers Implied Outside Chapter Ⅶ

4.3 Chapter Ⅶ Implied Powers

4.4 Limitations on Implied Powers

4.5 Conclusions on Implied Powers

5.Overall Conclusions on the Security Council’s Legal Powers/Constraints

5.1 Peacekeeping as an Enforcement Measure

5.2 Peacekeeping as a Mandatory Provisional Measure under Article 40

5.3 Peacekeeping where Consent is Legally Required

5.3.1 Nature and Legality of the Consent

5.3.2 Withdrawal of Consent

4 When Peacekeeping and Enforcement Overlap： Twentieth Century Practice

1.Introduction

2.UNEF I （November 1956-June 1967）

2.1 Mandate and Functioning

2.2 Evaluation

2.2.1 Adherence to the ’Fundamental Principles’

2.2.2 Constitutional Basis

3.ONUC （July 1960-June 1964）

3.1 Mandate and Functioning

3.2 Evaluation

3.2.1 Adherence to the ’Fundamental Principles’

3.2.2 Constitutional Basis

3.2.3 Conclusion and Assessment of Success

4.Missions in the Mid-1990s

4.1 Mandates and Functioning

4.1.1 The Former Yugoslavia （February 1992-December 2002）

4.1.2 Somalia （April 1992-March 1995）

4.1.3 Rwanda （October 1993-March 1996）

4.1.4 Haiti （September 1993-March 2000）

4.2 Evaluation

4.2.1 Adherence to the ’Fundamental Principles’

4.2.2 Constitutional Bases

4.2.3 Conclusion and Assessment of Success of the Militarised Peacekeeping Operations

5.Conclusions

5 When Peacekeeping and Enforcement Overlap： Twenty-First Century Practice - The Early Operations

1.Introduction

2.Sierra Leone （October 1999-December 2005）

2.1 Mandate and Functioning

2.2 Evaluation

2.2.1 Adherence to the ’Fundamental Principles’

2.2.2 Constitutional Basis

2.2.3 Conclusion and Assessment of Success

3.East Timor （October 1999-May 2002 and May 2002-May 2005）

3.1 Mandate and Functioning

3.2 Evaluation

3.2.1 Adherence to the ’Fundamental Principles’

3.2.2 Constitutional Basis

3.2.3 Conclusion and Assessment of Success

4.Democratic Republic of the Congo （November 1999-30 June 2010 and July 1 2010-Present）

4.1 Mandate and Functioning

4.2 Evaluation

4.2.1 Adherence to the ’Fundamental Principles’

4.2.2 Constitutional Basis

4.2.3 Conclusion and Assessment of Success

6 When Peacekeeping and Enforcement Overlap： Twenty-First Century Practice - The Later Operations

1.Introduction

2.Liberia （September 2003-present）

2.1 The Mission

2.2 Evaluation

2.2.1 Adherence to the ’Fundamental Principles’

2.2.2 Constitutional Basis

2.2.3 Conclusion and Assessment of Success

3.Cote D’Ivoire （April 2004-Present）

3.1 The Mission

3.2 Evaluation

3.2.1 Adherence to the ’Fundamental Principles’

3.2.2 Constitutional Basis

3.2.3 Conclusion and Assessment of Success

4.Haiti （April 2004-Present）

4.1 The Mission

4.2 Evaluation

4.2.1 Adherence to the ’Fundamental Principles’

4.2.2 Constitutional Basis

4.2.3 Conclusion and Assessment of Success

5.Burundi （June 2004-December 2006）

5.1 The Mission

5.2 Evaluation

5.2.1 Adherence to the ’Fundamental Principles’

5.2.2 Constitutional Basis

5.2.3 Conclusion and Assessment of Success

6.Sudan （March 2005-Present）

6.1 The Mission

6.2 Evaluation

6.2.1 Adherence to the ’Fundamental Principles’

6.2.2 Constitutional Basis

6.2.3 Conclusion and Assessment of Success

7.Central African Republic and Chad （September 2007-December 2010）

7.1 Mandate and Functioning

7.2 Evaluation

7.2.1 Adherence to the ’Fundamental Principles’

7.2.2 Constitutional Basis

7.2.3 Conclusion and Assessment of Success

7 Conclusions

1.Introduction

2.Overview of the Problems

2.1 Difficulties of Establishment

2.2 Management Difficulties

2.3 Problems Relating to the Need for Host State Consent or Cooperation

2.4 Problems Relating to Expectations

3.Legal Conclusions

4.Final Remarks： The Way Forward

Index