Chapter 1:Introduction

Ⅰ.Aviation and Globalization

Ⅱ.Modern Mobility and National Interests

Ⅲ.International Attractiveness as a Policy Goal

Ⅳ.The Political Challenge

Ⅴ.Key Definitions

A.International Aviation

B.National Interest

1.National Interest from the Perspective of Security

a.The Power Politics Perspective

b.The Geopolitical View

2.National Interest from the Perspective of Values

a.The Political Leader's Perspective

b.The Ideologist's Perspective

c.Interest Groups and National Interest Formulation

3.National Interest from a Global Safety and Prosperity Perspective

a.The Global Safety and Health Perspective

b.The Prosperity Focus-Considering the ' Wealth of Nations'

4.The Diplomat's Perspective

5.Summary:The Definition of National Interest to Be Used in This Book

Ⅵ.National Interests in Aviation

A.The Control of Airlift Issue

B.Access to Mobility

C.Quality Controls on Mobility and Access

D.Maintaining the National Technical Team

E.Overall Considerations

Chapter 2:National Relationships and International Regulation

Ⅰ.Economic Regulation and the Trade Policy Context

A.Reciprocity

B.MFN

C.National Treatment

D.Overall Considerations

Ⅱ.Multilateral Agreements:The Chicago Convention

A.Normative Goals of the Convention

B.Treatment of Sovereignty and Territory

C.Adaptability of the Convention

D.Ultimate Scope of the Convention

Ⅲ.The Bilateral Regulatory Tradition

A.General Setting

B.The Nine [or Should It Be Seven?] Freedoms

1.First Freedom

2.Second Freedom

3.Third Freedom

4.Fourth Freedom

5.Fifth Freedom

6.Sixth Freedom

7.Seventh Freedom

8.Eighth Freedom

9.Ninth Freedom

C.Bilateral Beginnings and the Bermuda I Agreement

1.Designation

a.General Considerations

b.Bermuda I Designation Provisions

2.Route Description

a.General Aspects

b.Bermuda I Route Provisions

3.Capacity

a.General Aspects

b.Bermuda I Provisions

4.Tariffs

a.General Aspects

b.Bermuda I Provisions

D.The General Anatomy of Bilateral Air Services Agreements

1.Introductory Provisions

2.The Granting of Rights

3.Designation and Revocation

4.Compliance with National Laws

5.Exemptions from Duties and Taxes

6.User Fees

7.Technical and Operational Standards and Control Procedures(including Safety and Security)

8.Doing Business Issues

9.Capacity

10.Tariffs

11.Route Rights

12.Other(Newer) Economic Provisions

13.Consultation and Arbitration

14.Other Procedural Clauses

Ⅳ.The Emerging Plurilateral Alternative

Chapter 3:National Interest from a Producer Perspective

Ⅰ.The Producer Interest 'Cartel Model' Bilateral Agreement

A.Elements of the Cartel Agreement

1.Basic Elements

a.Bermuda Principles

b.Predetermination of Capacity

c.Discretionary Fifth Freedom Route Rights

d.Limited Designation

e.Airline-to-Airline Balancing of Results

f.Pricing Coordination

g.Disputes Resolution

2.Enhanced Elements

a.Airline-to-Airline Coordination Will Be Mandatory

b.Exercise of Certain Traffic Rights Will Be Dependent on Airline Agreements

B.The Successful Champion Exception?

Ⅱ.Protectionism in National Legislation

A.Exclusive Access to Traffic

B.Capital Support and Investment Subsidies

C.Operating Subsidies

Ⅲ.Industrial Policies and International Aviation

A.Implications of Aerospace Industrial Policy for Air Transport Policy

Ⅳ.Infrastructure and Supporting Services

A.Air Traffic Management

B.Airports

C.Situational Relationships between Airlines and Their Infrastructure Providers

Ⅴ.Supply Side Motivations Reviewed

Chapter 4:National Interest from a Consumer Perspective

Ⅰ.General Elements of Consumer and User Interest

Ⅱ.US Policy toward Consumer Interest and the Role of the Public Sector

A.Research and Development

B.Operation and Development of Infrastructure

C.Technical and Operational Quality Controls

D.Aviation Security Services and Controls

E.Proactive Regulation of Competition

F.Consumer and Environmental Protection

G.Permitting

H.Legislative Oversight

Ⅲ.A Micro-History of American Practice

A.Beginnings of International Air Services

Ⅳ.US Deregulation in International Markets:Open Skies Phase 1

Ⅴ.Open Skies Phase 2

Ⅵ.Elements of the Contemporary US Open Sky Model

A.The Preamble

B.Grant of Rights

C.Designation and Revocation

D.Safety and Security

E.Commercial Opportunities

F.User Charges

G.Fair Competition

H.Pricing(Tariffs)

I.Key Annex Provisions

Ⅶ.The FAA Role in Quality Control and Protecting National Interest

Chapter 5:National Interest from a Regional Perspective

Ⅰ.General Policy Issues of Regional Association

Ⅱ.National and Community Interests in Europe

A.Proportionality

B.Subsidiarity

C.Vacuum Abhorrence

D.My Space

E.Overall Considerations

Ⅲ.The Scope of EU Aviation Policy and Implications for International Relations

A.Snapshot 1:Strategic Implications of EC Rules on International Market Access

B.Snapshot 2:Community Slot Policy and International Implications

C.Snapshot 3:Issues Surrounding the Single European Sky

D.Snapshot 4:Paying for Siberia and the Issue of Freedom of Transit

E.Snapshot 5:Safety and Security Regulatory Procedures

1.Role of EASA

Ⅳ.International Negotiating Alternatives of the EU

A.The European Common Aviation Area(ECAA)

1.Elements of the Aviation Acquis

a.Market Access and Ancillary Issues

b.Air Traffic Management

c.Aviation Safety

d.Aviation Security

e.Environment

f.Social Aspects

g.Consumer Protection

h.Competition and State Aids

i.Other Legislation

2.Overall Considerations

B.The Open Aviation Area(OAA)

C.Comparing the OAA to the Classical Bilateral Model

1.MEN-Type Application to(at Least Some) Third Parties

2.Establishing Standards with Respect to Infrastructure

3.Industrial and Aviation Systems Cooperation

4.Competition Policy Standards

5.Consumer and Public Interest Standards

Chapter 6:National Interest and the North Atlantic Market

Ⅰ.The North Atlantic Context for Regulatory Convergence

A.The Political Class

B.Perceptions and Realities of American and European Similarities and Differences

Ⅱ.Market Structure and Competition Regulation

A.The Role of Effective Control

1.Long-Term Impacts of the Investment Issue

Ⅲ.National Infrastructure and International Market Access

A.Getting to Free Route Airspace on the North Atlantic

B.The London Airports Problem

Ⅳ.Conclusions:Convergence of National Interests on the North Atlantic?

Chapter 7:Global Threats to Aviation and National Interest

Ⅰ.Policies and Procedures:Recent History

Ⅱ.Public Sector Quality Controls,Is That the Question?

A.The Qualities at Issue

B.Defining the Elements of Quality Control:Six Possible Parameters

1.Relinquishing Anonymity

2.Accountability

3.Independent Oversight

4.Appellant Rights

5.Flexibility and Zen-Response

6.The Global and Local Network

Ⅲ.Relating Facilitation to Security

Ⅳ.Considering US-EU Pre-Clearance

Ⅴ.A Brief Consular Footnote

Chapter 8:The Way Forward

Ⅰ.Five Recommendations

A.Public Sector Services Standards

B.Infrastructure Policy:The Key Mobility Challenge

1.Performance-Based User Fees

2.Airport Slot Reservation Fees

3.Provider or Corporate Restructuring

C.State Aids:Whether and When Justified

D.Extending the Right of National Treatment to Commercial Air Transport

E.International Cooperation and Regulatory Convergence

Ⅱ.An Afterword on National Interest

Bibliography