Chapter 1 The Origins of Shipping

The Setting and the Beginning:The Ancient Mariners

Early Sea Law:The Custom of Phoenician,Greek,and Rhodian Sea Trade

Codification of Early Sea Law:Roman Marine Policy

Ocean Chaos Leads to New Sea Law:Roman Decline and Mediterranean City-States

Conclusions

Chapter 2 The Evolution of Marine Transport

The Expansion of European Sea Trade

Sovereignty Over the Open Seas:The Early Claims

The Enlarged Oceans:The Age of Discovery

Colonies and Conquests:Sea Trade and Maritime Conflict

The Birth of the Modern Law of the Sea:The Times of Grotius

Conclusions:Maritime Law and Policy at the End of the Seventeenth Century

New Oceanic Rivalries:France as a Maritime Power

Conclusions:Maritime Law and Policy at the End of the Eighteenth Century

Chapter 3 The Making of a Maritime State

England's Path to Maritime Leadership amid Political Instability

The Congress of Vienna and the New European Public Order

The Worldwide Expansion of British Commerce and Sea Trade

Shipping-Technology Revolution:From Sail to Steam

The New Route to the East:The Suez Canal

Maritime Commerce,Law,and Policy and the Industrial Revolution

Conclusions:A Maritime State Created

Chapter 4 The Creation of Maritime Power

The Commencement of the Division between Commercial Rules and Public Policy

The Emergence of New Maritime States

New Aspects of International Marine-Transport Law and Policy

Conclusions:Maritime Law and Policy at the End of the Nineteenth Century

Empires and Colonies,Ships and Trade Routes:The Rivalry for World Power

Conclusions:Maritime Policies and World Power on Collision Course

The Growth of the Law of Nations:Last Hope for Humanity

Conclusions:The Eve of World War I

Chapter 5 World Shipping in War and Peace

Prelude to World War I:Preparations in Europe and Adventures in Asia

The War at Sea:The Disappearance of International Law

Conclusions:The End of World War Ⅰ

Petroleum:New Energy Source with Revolutionary Shipping Implications

World Shipping in the Interwar Years

Conclusions:The Eve of World War Ⅱ

International Maritime Law in an Unstable Era

Prelude to World War Ⅱ:Aggression in Asia and Africa,Unrest in Europe

Total War at Sea:The Struggle for Control of the Oceans

Conclusions:Victory at Sea

Chapter 6 The Internationalization of Marine Transport

Introduction:A New Economic System Emerges from the War

The Creation of the United Nations:Search for World Peace and Stability

The Law and Policy of World Shipping in the Aftermath of World War Ⅱ

The Law of the Sea:The Divergence of Ocean-Use Interests

IMCO:The First Difficult Decade

The United Nations and the Law of the Sea

The Changing Political World:Emergence of the Third World

The Ocean Environment:Marine-Pollution Law and Policy

Maritime Law and Policy in a New Era

Chapter 7 New Challenges for Marine Transport

Introduction:Shipping and the Lessons of History

The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea

The Environment:New Challenges for a Fragile System

IMCO:The Second Important Decade

UNCTAD and the New International Economic Order

The New Direction of Marine Transport

Conclusions:The International Law and Policy of Marine Transport in a changing World

Bibliography

List of Statutes

List of Cases

Index

About the Author