Introduction

Chapter 1:What Makes Maritime Delimitation Difficult?

1.Mare Clausum in Dispute

2.Inherent Difficulties in Delimiting Boundaries of the EEZ/Continental Shelf

2.1.Various Factors

2.2.Lack of Clear Rules for Maritime Delimitation

2.3.Political Nature of Maritime Delimitation

2.4.Sovereignty Disputes over Islands

2.5.Inefficiency of the Dispute Settlement Procedure

3.Observations

Chapter 2:Which Law Governs in the Absence of Maritime Boundaries?

1.Can a Unilateral Equidistance Line be a Solution?

1.1.Delimitation of Boundaries and Provisional Lines

1.2.Rules under the Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf

1.3.Rules under the LOS! Convention

1.4.The Need for Searching for Rules in the Disputed Areas

2.Drafting History of Articles 74(3)/83(3) of the LOS Convention

2.1.General Background

2.2.The First Discussion at the Second Session of UNCLOS Ⅲ

2.3.From Median Line (ISNT) to Provisional Arrangements (RSNT)

2.4.Median Line,Moratorium,or Provisional Arrangement?

2.5.Consensus for Mutual Arrangements

3.Meaning of Articles 74(3)/83(3) of the LOS Convention

3.1.Provisional Measures and Provisional Arrangements

3.1.1.Provisional Arrangement as Provisional Measures

3.1.2.Provisional Arrangements by Mutual Consent

3.2.Legal Nature of Arrangements in Terms of the Law of Treaties

3.2.1.Practice in Use of the Term "Arrangements"

3.2.2.Legal Nature of Arrangements in the Light of the Drafting History

3.2.3.Provisional Arrangements and Treaties

3.3.Requirements for an Arrangement to be of a Practical Nature

3.4.Obligations of Coastal States before Delimitation

3.4.1.Are there Any Obligations under Customary International Law?

3.4.2.Obligation to Negotiate

3.4.3.Obligation of Mutual Restraint

3.5.Provisional Arrangements and Interests of Third Parties

4.Protection of the Marine Environment in Disputed Areas

5.Marine Scientific Research in Disputed Waters

5.1.Can a Coastal State Conduct Marine Scientific Research in the Disputed Areas Without Consent from the Other Coastal State?

5.2.Does the Marine Scientific Research Conducted by State A,Without Any Protests,Reinforce Its Claims to the Part of the Disputed Area or Natural Resources in the Disputed Area?

5.3.Can a Third State Conduct Marine Scientific Research in a Disputed Area Without Consent from Any of Two Coastal States?

6.Observations

Chapter 3:Practice on Provisional Arrangements in Disputed Areas

1.Possible Provisional Arrangements in Disputed Areas

2.Policy Option 1:Joint Development Zones

2.1.Kuwait-Saudi Arabia

2.2.South Korea-Japan

2.3.Malaysia-Thailand

2.4.Malaysia-Vietnam

2.5.Australia-Indonesia

2.6.United Kingdom-Argentina in the South West Atlantic

3.Policy Option 2:Joint Fishing Zones

3.1.Grey Zones

3.1.1.Soviet Union and Norway in the Barents Sea

3.1.2.Sweden and Denmark

3.1.3.Denmark and Poland

3.1.4.Venezuela and Trinidad ＆ Tobago

3.1.5.Canada and France (St.Pierre and Miquelon)

3.1.6.United Kingdom and Denmark (Faroe Islands)

3.1.7.Joint Fishing Zone between South Korea and Japan of 1965

3.1.8.New Fisheries Agreements in North East Asia

3.2.Joint Fishing Zones Focusing on Specific Fish Stocks

3.2.1.Agreement between the US and Canada on the Enforcement Measures Regarding the Conservation of Halibut in the Northern Pacific and Bering Sea

3.2.2.Denmark (Greenland),Iceland and Norway (Jan May en) on Capelin Fishing

3.3.White Zones

3.3.1.Sweden and the Soviet Union in the Baltic Sea

3.3.2.Sweden and Poland

3.3.3.White Zones between Finland and the Soviet Union and Finland and Sweden

4.Policy Option 3:Fisheries Arrangement on the Basis of De Facto Boundaries

4.1.Fisheries Agreement between the USSR and Japan

4.2.Co-operative Fisheries Arrangements around the Falkland Islands between the UK and Argentina

5.Policy Option 4:Comprehensive Joint Exploitation Zones

5.1.Iran-Sharjah (U.A.E.)

5.2.Colombia-Jamaica

5.3.Guinea-Bissau-Senegal

5.4.Saudi Arabia and Sudan

6.Policy Options 5:Single Provisional Fisheries Boundary

7.Joint Exploitation Zones as Additional Elements of Maritime Boundaries

7.1.Why Are Joint Exploitation Zones Needed When There Are Boundaries?

7.2.Instances of Joint Exploitation Zones as Additional Elements to Maritime Boundaries

8.Observations

Chapter 4:Troubled Waters in North East Asia

1.Introduction

2.National Claims in the Region

2.1.The Republic of Korea (South Korea)

2.1.1.The Territorial Sea

2.1.2.Baselines

2.1.3.The Peace Line

2.1.4.The Continental Shelf

2.1.5.TheEEZ

2.2.Japan

2.2.1.The Territorial Sea

2.2.2.Baselines

2.2.3.The Continental Shelf and the EEZ

2.3.The People's Republic of China (China)

2.3.1.The Territorial Sea

2.3.2.Baselines

2.3.3.The Continental Shelf and the EEZ

2.3.4.Military Zones

3.Delimitation of Boundaries of the EEZ and the Continental Shelf in the Region

3.1.Delimitation between Korea and Japan in the East Sea

3.1.1.Background

3.1.2.Northern Continental Shelf Boundary Agreement

3.1.3.Applicable Principles of Delimitation of EEZ in the East Sea

3.1.4.Disputes regarding the Legality of Japan's Straight Baselines

3.1.5.Question of Sovereignty over Dok-do and Delimitation Issues

3.1.6.Article 121(3) of the LOS Convention

3.1.7.Issue of Entitlement of Dok-do

3.2.Delimitation between Korea and China in the Yellow Sea

3.2.1.Different Positions on the Delimitation Principles

3.2.2.Disputes over the Basepoints

3.3.Delimitation in the East China Sea

3.3.1.Background

3.3.2.Different Positions of the Coastal States on the Delimitation

3.3.3.Proportionality and Cut-off Effect in the East China Sea

3.3.4.The Question of Tri-junction in the East China Sea

3.3.5.Effect of the Okinawa Trough in the Delimitation

3.3.6.Diaoyutai/Senkaku and Delimitation

4.Observations

Chapter 5:Lessons from the Fragile Provisional Regime in North East Asia

1.Provisional Fisheries Regime between Korea and Japan

1.1.Background

1.2.Main Features of the New Fisheries Agreement between Korea and Japan

1.2.1.Basic Structure of the Agreement

1.2.2.Shaping of the Joint Fishing Zones (Intermediate Zones)

1.2.3.Jurisdiction in the Joint Fishing Zones

1.2.4.The Korea-Japan Fisheries Agreement and the Fishing Order in the East China Sea

2.Provisional Fisheries Regime between Korea and China

2.1.Background

2.2.Main Features of the Fisheries Agreement between Korea and China

2.2.1.Basic Structure of the Agreement

2.2.2.Provisional Measure Zone and Transitional Zones

2.2.3.Zones Where Current Fishing Patterns are to be Maintained

3.Provisional Fisheries Regime between China and Japan

3.1.Background

3.2.Main Features of the Sino-Japanese Fisheries Agreement of 1997

3.2.1.Basic Structure of the Agreement

3.2.2.Provisional Measure Zone

3.2.3.Two Untitled Joint Fishing Zones

3.2.4.Conservation of the Transboundary Fish Stocks in North East Asia

3.2.5.Exploration and Exploitation of Oil and Gas in the East China Sea

6.Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment in North East Asia

6.1.Bilateral Agreements for Co-operation on Environmental Matters

6.2.Co-operation at the Multilateral Level on the Marine Environmental Issues

7.Observations

Conclusion

Appendix

1.Agreement on Fisheries between the Republic of Korea and Japan of 1965

2.Agreement on Fisheries between the Republic of Korea and Japan of 1999

3.Agreement on Fisheries between the People's Republic of China and Japan

4.Agreement on Fisheries between the Republic of Korea and the People's Republic of China

5.Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Korea and the Government of Japan on Co-operation in the Field of Environmental Protection

6.Agreement on Environmental Co-operation between the Government of the Republic of Korea and the Government of the People's Republic of China

7.Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Korea and the Government of the Russian Federation on Co-operation in the Field of the Environment

Selected Bibliography