Preface

Abbreviations

List of Cases

PART ONE-Overview

Chapter One-Preliminary Remarks

1.1 General Introduction

1.1.1 Presentation of the Problem

1.1.2 The Purpose of the Study

1.1.3 The Approach to the Problem

1.2 Deep Sea-Bed and Its Mineral Resources

1.2.1 Basic Facts

1.2.2 The Economic Significance of the Deep Sea-Bed

1.2.3 The Technology for Deepsea Mining

1.2.4 The Actors

1.3 The United Nations' Response

1.3.1 The Sea-Bed Committee

1.3.2 The Conference

1.3.2.1 The Structure

1.3.2.2 The Procedure

1.3.2.3 The Progress of the Work

1.3.3 The Convention

Chapter Two-The Frontiers of the Deep Sea-Bed

2.1 The Era of Coastal Claims to the Sea-Bed

2.1.1 Background to the Claims before 1945

2.1.2 Truman Proclamations of 1945

2.1.3 The Work of the International Law Commission

2.1.4 The United Nations Conferences in 1958 and 1960

2.1.5 North Sea Continental Shelf Cases

2.2 The Era of Community Claims to the Sea-Bed

2.2.1 The Sea-Bed Committee

2.2.2 UNCLOS Ⅲ

2.3 Article 76

Appraisal

PART TWO-The Legal Status of the Deep Sea-Bed

Chapter Three-The Classical Bases of Claims to the Sea-Bed

3.1 Claims of Rights Based on Res Nullius Concept

3.2 Claims of Rights Based on Res Communis Concept and the Freedom of the High Seas

3.3 Claims of Rights Based on Non-Prohibition in International Law

Appraisal

Chapter Four-The Principle of the Common Heritage of Mankind

4.1 Developments During 1967-1970

4.1.1 Malta's Proposal

4.1.2 Reactions to Malta's Proposal

4.1.3 The Content of Malta's Proposal and the Item before the Sea-Bed Committee

4.1.4 Attitude of Different States about the Deep Sea-Bed at the Time of Submission of Malta's Proposal

4.1.5 Malta and the Common Heritage of Mankind

4.1.6 Opponents to the Common Heritage of Mankind

4.1.7 Supporters of the Common Heritage of Mankind

4.1.8 Moratorium Resolution

4.2 Declaration of Principles

4.2.1 The Long Way to the Compromise

4.2.2 Adoption of the Declaration

4.2.3 Declaration and the Question of the Legal Status of the Deep Sea-Bed

4.2.4 The Binding Force of the Declaration

4.3 Development of the Common Heritage Principle Since 1970

4.3.1 An Encroachment to the Common Heritage:EEZ

4.3.2 Developments inside the United Nations

4.3.3 Developments outside the United Nations

4.4 The Legal Status of the Deep Sea-Bed and the Convention

Appraisal

PART THREE-The Constituent Elements of the Legal Regime for the Deep Sea-Bed

Chapter Five-Utilization System

5.1 The Development of the Utilization System in the United Nations

5.1.1 From Hopeful Optimism to Stalemate,1969-1976

5.1.1.1 Utilization of the Area for Peaceful Purposes

5.1.1.2 Utilization of the Resources for the Benefit of Mankind

5.1.1.3 Initial Negotiating Positions

5.1.1.4 Polarization of the Issue

5.1.2 Towards a Compromise,1977-1980

5.1.3 A Return to Disparity,1981-1982

5.2 Utilization System in the Convention

5.2.1 The Right of Access

5.2.1.1 Technology Transfer

5.2.1.2 Site-Banking Scheme

5.2.1.3 Financial Undertakings

5.2.2 The Balance of Rights

5.2.2.1 Restrictive Measures

5.2.2.2 Preferential Measures

5.2.3 Viability of the Parallel System

5.3 Utilization System outside the Convention

5.3.1 General Features of National Legislation

5.3.1.1 Definitions

5.3.1.2 Declared Purposes

5.3.1.3 Legal Bases

5.3.2 Rights and Obligations under National Legislation

5.3.2.1 Scope of Activities

5.3.2.2 Temporal Scope

5.3.2.3 Subjects of Law

5.3.2.4 Qualifications of Applicants

5.3.2.5 Size and Number of Mine Sites

5.3.2.6 Similarities with the Provisions of the Convention

5.3.2.7 Financial Terms

5.3.3 National Legislation and Existing International Law

Appraisal

Chapter Six-Utilization Machinery

6.1 The Need for an International Machinery

6.2 The International Sea-Bed Authority

6.2.1 The Status and General Features

6.2.2 The Mandate and Functions

6.2.2.1 Organizing Function

6.2.2.2 Controlling Function

6.2.2.3 Administering Function

6.2.3 Organs of the Authority

6.2.3.1 The Assembly

6.2.3.2 The Council

1.Composition

2.Voting Procedure

3.Organs

4.Power Distribution between the Assembly and the Council

6.2.3.3 The Enterprise

6.2.3.4 The Secretariat

6.3 Settlement of Disputes Relating to the Deepsea Mining

6.3.1 Disputes Settlement System of the Convention

6.3.1.1 Development of the System

6.3.1.2 Types of Fora

6.3.2 Disputes Relating to the Activities in the Area

6.3.2.1 Institutions

6.3.2.2 Scope of Jurisdiction

1.Advisory Opinion

2.Contentious Procedures

6.3.2.3-Procedures and Applicable Law

Appraisal

PART FOUR-A View of the Future

Chapter Seven-Interim Arrangements

7.1 Features of the Preparatory Commission

7.1.1 Purposes and Functions

7.1.2 Organization

7.1.3 Decision-Making

7.2 Issues before the Commission

7.2.1 Preparatory Investment Protection

7.2.2 Establishment of the Authority and the Tribunal

7.2.2.1 Rules of Procedure of the Organs of the Authority

7.2.2.2 Developing Land-Based Producer States

7.2.2.3 The Enterprise

7.2.2.4 The Sea-Bed Mining Code

7.2.2.5 The Law of the Sea Tribunal

Appraisal

Chapter Eight-General Conclusions

Bibliography

Index