List of Examples

Preface

Chapter 1 Circuit Variables

1.1 Electrical Engineering:An Overview

1.2 The International System of Units

1.3 Circuit Analysis:An Overview

1.4 Voltage and Current

1.5 The Ideal Basic Circuit Element

1.6 Power and Energy

Summary

Problems

Chapter 2 Circuit Elements

Practical Perspective:Electrical Safety

2.1 Voltage and Current Sources

2.2 Electrical Resistance(Ohm's Law)

2.3 Construction of a Circuit Model

2.4 Kirchhoff's Laws

2.5 Analysis of a Circuit Containing Dependent Sources

Practical Perspective:Electrical Safety

Summary

Problems

Chapter 3 Simple Resistive Circuits

Practical Perspective:A Rear Window Defroster

3.1 Resistors in Series

3.2 Resistors in Parallel

3.3 The Voltage-Divider and Current-Divider Circuits

3.4 Voltage Division and Current Division

3.5 Measuring Voltage and Current

3.6 Measuring Resistance—The Wheatstone Bridge

3.7 Delta-to-Wye(Pi-to-Tee)Equivalent Circuits

Practical Perspective:A Rear Window Defroster

Summary

Problems

Chapter 4 Techniques of Circuit Analysis

Practical Perspective:Circuits with Realistic Resistors

4.1 Terminology

4.2 Introduction to the Node-Voltage Method

4.3 The Node-Voltage Method and Dependent Sources

4.4 The Node-Voltage Method:Some Special Cases

4.5 Introduction to the Mesh-Current Method

4.6 The Mesh-Current Method and Dependent Sources

4.7 The Mesh-Current Method:Some Special Cases

4.8 The Node-Voltage Method Versus the Mesh-Current Method

4.9 Source Transformations

4.10 Thévenin and Norton Equivalents

4.11 More on Deriving a Thévenin Equivalent

4.12 Maximum Power Transfer

4.13 Superposition

Practical Perspective:Circuits with Realistic Resistors

Summary

Problems

Chapter 5 The Operational Amplifier

Practical Perspective:Strain Gages

5.1 Operational Amplifier Terminals

5.2 Terminal Voltages and Currents

5.3 The Inverting-Amplifier Circuit

5.4 The Summing-Amplifier Circuit

5.5 The Noninverting-Amplifier Circuit

5.6 The Difference-Amplifier Circuit

5.7 A More Realistic Model for the Operational Amplifier

Practical Perspective:Strain Gages

Summary

Problems

Chapter 6 Inductance,Capacitance,and Mutual Inductance

Practical Perspective:Proximity Switches

6.1 The Inductor

6.2 The Capacitor

6.3 Series-Parallel Combinations of Inductance and Capacitance

6.4 Mutual Inductance

6.5 A Closer Look at Mutual Inductance

Practical Perspective:Proximity Switches

Summary

Problems

Chapter 7 Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

Practical Perspective:A Flashing Light Circuit

7.1 The Natural Response of an RL Circuit

7.2 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit

7.3 The Step Response of RL and RC Circuits

7.4 A General Solution for Step and Natural Responses

7.5 Sequential Switching

7.6 Unbounded Response

7.7 The Integrating Amplifier

Practical Perspective：A Flashing Light Circuit

Summary

Problems

Chapter 8 Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits

Practical Perspective:An Ignition Circuit

8.1 Introduction to the Natural Response of a Parallel RLC Circuit

8.2 The Forms of the Natural Response of a Parallel RLC Circuit

8.3 The Step Response of a Parallel RLC Circuit

8.4 The Natural and Step Response of a Series RLC Circuit

8.5 A Circuit with Two Integrating Amplifiers

Practical Perspective:An Ignition Circuit

Summary

Problems

Chapter 9 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis

Practical Perspective:A Household Distribution Circuit

9.1 The Sinusoidal Source

9.2 The Sinusoidal Response

9.3 The Phasor

9.4 The Passive Circuit Elements in the Frequency Domain

9.5 Kirchhoff's Laws in the Frequency Domain

9.6 Series,Parallel,and Delta-to-Wye Simplifications

9.7 Source Transformations and Thévenin-Norton Equivalent Circuits

9.8 The Node-Voltage Method

9.9 The Mesh-Current Method

9.10 The Transformer

9.11 The Ideal Transformer

9.12 Phasor Diagrams

Practical Perspective:A Household Distribution Circuit

Summary

Problems

Chapter 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power Calculations

Practical Perspective:Heating Appliances

10.1 Instantaneous Power

10.2 Average and Reactive Power

10.3 The rms Value and Power Calculations

10.4 Complex Power

10.5 Power Calculations

10.6 Maximum Power Transfer

Practical Perspective:Heating Appliances

Summary

Problems

Chapter 11 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits

Practical Perspective:Transmission and Distribution of Electric Power

11.1 Balanced Three-Phase Voltages

11.2 Three-Phase Voltage Sources

11.3 Analysis of the Wye-Wye Circuit

11.4 Analysis of the Wye-Delta Circuit

11.5 Power Calculations in Balanced Three-Phase Circuits

11.6 Measuring Average Power in Three-Phase Circuits

Practical Perspective:Transmission and Distribution of Electric Power

Summary

Problems

Chapter 12 Introduction to the Laplace Transform

12.1 Definition of the Laplace Transform

12.2 The Step Function

12.3 The Impulse Function

12.4 Functional Transforms

12.5 Operational Transforms

12.6 Applying the Laplace Transform

12.7 Inverse Transforms

12.8 Poles and Zeros of F(s)

12.9 Initial-and Final-Value Theorems

Summary

Problems

Chapter 13 The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis

Practical Perspective:Surge Suppressors

13.1 Circuit Elements in the s Domain

13.2 Circuit Analysis in the s Domain

13.3 Applications

13.4 The Transfer Function

13.5 The Transfer Function in Partial Fraction Expansions

13.6 The Transfer Function and the Convolution Integral

13.7 The Transfer Function and the Steady-State Sinusoidal Response

13.8 The Impulse Function Circuit Analysis

Practical Perspective:Surge Suppressors

Summary

Problems

Chapter 14 Introduction to Frequency Selective Circuits

Practical Perspective:Pushbutton Telephone Circuits

14.1 Some Preliminaries

14.2 Low-Pass Filters

14.3 High-Pass Filters

14.4 Bandpass Filters

14.5 Bandreject Filters

Practical Perspective:Pushbutton Telephone Circuits

Summary

Problems

Chapter 15 Active Filter Circuits

Practical Perspective:Bass Volume Control

15.1 First-Order Low-Pass and High-Pass Filters

15.2 Scaling

15.3 Op Amp Bandpass and Bandreject Filters

15.4 Higher Order Op Amp Filters

15.5 Narrowband Bandpass and Bandreject Filters

Practical Perspective:Bass Volume Control

Summary

Problems

Chapter 16 Fourier Series

16.1 Fourier Series Analysis:An Overview

16.2 The Fourier Coefficients

16.3 The Effect of Symmetry on the Fourier Coefficients

16.4 An Alternative Trigonometric Form of the Fourier Series

16.5 An Application

16.6 Average-Power Calculations with Periodic Functions

16.7 The rms Value of a Periodic Function

16.8 The Exponential Form of the Fourier Series

16.9 Amplitude and Phase Spectra

Summary

Problems

Chapter 17 The Fourier Transform

17.1 The Derivation of the Fourier Transform

17.2 The Convergence of the Fourier Integral

17.3 Using Laplace Transforms to Find Fourier Transforms

17.4 Fourier Transforms in the Limit

17.5 Some Mathematical Properties

17.6 Operational Transforms

17.7 Circuit Applications

17.8 Parseval's Theorem

Summary

Problems

Chapter 18 Two-Port Circuits

18.1 The Terminal Equations

18.2 The Two-Port Parameters

18.3 Analysis of the Terminated Two-Port Circuit

18.4 Interconnected Two-Port Circuits

Summary

Problems

Appendix A The Solution of Linear Simultaneous Equations

A.1 Preliminary Steps

A.2 Cramer's Method

A.3 The Characteristic Determinant

A.4 The Numerator Determinant

A.5 The Evaluation of a Determinant

A.6 Matrices

A.7 Matrix Algebra

A.8 Identity,Adjoint,and Inverse Matrices

A.9 Partitioned Matrices

A.10 Applications

Appendix B Complex Numbers

B.1 Notation

B.2 The Graphical Representation of a Complex Number

B.3 Arithmetic Operations

B.4 Useful Identities

B.5 The Integer Power of a Complex Number

B.6 The Roots of a Complex Number

Appendix C More on Magnetically Coupled Coils and Ideal Transformers

C.1 Equivalent Circuits for Magnetically Coupled Coils

C.2 The Need for Ideal Transformers in the Equivalent Circuits

Appendix D The Decibel

Appendix E Bode Diagrams

E.1 Real,First-Order Poles and Zeros

E.2 Straight-Line Amplitude Plots

E.3 More Accurate Amplitude Plots

E.4 Straight-Line Phase Angle Plots

E.5 Bode Diagrams:Complex Poles and Zeros

E.6 Amplitude Plots

E.7 Correcting Straight-Line Amplitude Plots

E.8 Phase Angle Plots

Appendix F An Abbreviated Table of Trigonometric Identities

Appendix G An Abbreviated Table of Integrals

Appendix H Answers to Selected Problems

Index

Chapter

2.1 Testing Interconnections of Ideal Sources

2.2 Testing Interconnections of Ideal Independent and Dependent Sources

2.3 Calculating Voltage,Current,and Power for a Simple Resistive Circuit

2.4 Constructing a Circuit Model of a Flashlight

2.5 Constructing a Circuit Model Based on Terminal Measurements

2.6 Using Kirchhoff's Current Law

2.7 Using Kirchhoff's Voltage Law

2.8 Applying Ohm's Law and Kirchhoff's Laws to Find an Unknown Current

2.9 Constructing a Circuit Model Based on Terminal Measurements

2.10 Applying Ohm's Law and Kirchhoff's Laws to Find an Unknown Voltage

2.11 Applying Ohm's Law and Kirchhoff's Law in an Amplifier Circuit

Chapter

3.1 Applying Series-Parallel Simplification

3.2 Analyzing the Voltage-Divider Circuit

3.3 Analyzing a Current-Divider Circuit

3.4 Using Voltage Division and Current Division to Solve a Circuit

3.5 Using a d'Arsonval Ammeter

3.6 Using a d'Arsonval Voltmeter

3.7 Applying a Delta-to-Wye Transform

Chapter

4.1 Identifying Node,Branch,Mesh,and Loop in a Circuit

4.2 Using the Node-Voltage Method

4.3 Using the Node-Voltage Method with Dependent Sources

4.4 Using the Mesh-Current Method

4.5 Using the Mesh-Current Method with Dependent Sources

4.6 Understanding the Node-Voltage Method Versus Mesh-Current Method

4.7 Comparing the Node-Voltage and Mesh-Current Methods

4.8 Using Source Transformations to Solve a Circuit

4.9 Using Special Source Transformation Techniques

4.10 Finding the Thévenin Equivalent of a Circuit with a Dependent Source

4.11 Finding the Thévenin Equivalent Using a Test Source

4.12 Calculating the Condition for Maximum Power Transfer

4.13 Using Superposition to Solve a Circuit

Chapter

5.1 Analyzing an Op Amp Circuit

Chapter

6.1 Determining the Voltage,Given the Current,at the Terminals of an Inductor

6.2 Determining the Current,Given the Voltage,at the Terminals of an Inductor

6.3 Determining the Current,Voltage,Power,and Energy for an Inductor

6.4 Determining Current,Voltage,Power,and Energy for a Capacitor

6.5 Finding v,p,and w Induced by a Triangular Current Pulse for a Capacitor

6.6 Finding Mesh-Current Equations for a Circuit with Magnetically Coupled Coils

Chapter

7.1 Determining the Natural Response of an RL Circuit

7.2 Determining the Natural Response of an RL Circuit with Parallel Inductors

7.3 Determining the Natural Response of an RC Circuit

7.4 Determining the Natural Response of an RC Circuit with Series Capacitors

7.5 Determining the Step Response of an RL Circuit

7.6 Determining the Step Response of an RC Circuit

7.7 Using the General Solution Method to Find an RC Circuit's Step Response

7.8 Using the General Solution Method with Zero Initial Conditions

7.9 Using the General Solution Method to Find an RL Circuit's Step Response

7.10 Determining the Step Response of a Circuit with Magnetically Coupled Coils

7.11 Analyzing an RL Circuit that has Sequential Switching

7.12 Analyzing an RC Circuit that has Sequential Switching

7.13 Finding the Unbounded Response in an RC Circuit

7.14 Analyzing an Integrating Amplifier

7.15 Analyzing an Integrating Amplifier that has Sequential Switching

Chapter

8.1 Finding the Roots of the Characteristic Equation of a Parallel RLC Circuit

8.2 Finding the Overdamped Natural Response of a Parallel RLC Circuit

8.3 Calculating Branch Currents in the Natural Response of a Parallel RLC Circuit

8.4 Finding the Underdamped Natural Response of a Parallel RLC Circuit

8.5 Finding the Critically Damped Natural Response of a Parallel RLC Circuit

8.6 Finding the Overdamped Step Response of a Parallel RLC Circuit

8.7 Finding the Underdamped Step Response of a Parallel RLC Circuit

8.8 Finding the Critically Damped Step Response of a Parallel RLC Circuit

8.9 Comparing the Three-Step Response Forms

8.10 Finding Step Response of a Parallel RLC Circuit with Initial Stored Energy

8.11 Finding the Underdamped Natural Response of a Series RLC Circuit

8.12 Finding the Underdamped Step Response of a Series RLC Circuit

8.13 Analyzing Two Cascaded Integrating Amplifiers

8.14 Analyzing Two Cascaded Integrating Amplifiers with Feedback Resistors

Chapter

9.1 Finding the Characteristics of a Sinusoidal Current

9.2 Finding the Characteristics of a Sinusoidal Voltage

9.3 Translating a Sine Expression to a Cosine Expression

9.4 Calculating the rms Value of a Triangular Waveform

9.5 Adding Cosines Using Phasors

9.6 Combining Impedances in Series

9.7 Combining Impedances in Series and in Parallel

9.8 Using a Delta-to-Wye Transform in the Frequency Domain

9.9 Performing Source Transformations in the Frequency Domain

9.10 Finding a Thévenin Equivalent in the Frequency Domain

9.11 Using the Node-Voltage Method in the Frequency Domain

9.12 Using the Mesh-Current Method in the Frequency Domain

9.13 Analyzing a Linear Transformer in the Frequency Domain

9.14 Analyzing an Ideal Transformer Circuit in the Frequency Domain

9.15 Using Phasor Diagrams to Analyze a Circuit

9.16 Using Phasor Diagrams to Analyze Capacitive Loading Effects

Chapter

10.1 Calculating Average and Reactive Power

10.2 Making Power Calculations Involving Household Appliances

10.3 Determining Average Power Delivered to a Resistor by a Sinusoidal Voltage

10.4 Calculating Complex Power

10.5 Calculating Average and Reactive Power

10.6 Calculating Power in Parallel Loads

10.7 Balancing Power Delivered with Power Absorbed in an ac Circuit

10.8 Determining Maximum Power Transfer without Load Restrictions

10.9 Determining Maximum Power Transfer with Load Impedance Restriction

10.10 Finding Maximum Power Transfer with Impedance Angle Restrictions

10.11 Finding Maximum Power Transfer in a Circuit with an Ideal Transformer

Chapter

11.1 Analyzing a Wye-Wye Circuit

11.2 Analyzing a Wye-Delta Circuit

11.3 Calculating Power in a Three-Phase Wye-Wye Circuit

11.4 Calculating Power in a Three-Phase Wye-Delta Circuit

11.5 Calculating Three-Phase Power with an Unspecified Load

11.6 Computing Wattmeter Readings in Three-Phase Circuits

Chapter

12.1 Using Step Functions to Represent a Function of Finite Duration

Chapter

13.1 Deriving the Transfer Function of a Circuit

13.2 Analyzing the Transfer Function of a Circuit

13.3 Using the Convolution Integral to Find an Output Signal

13.4 Using the Transfer Function to Find the Steady-State Sinusoidal Response

Chapter

14.1 Designing a Low-Pass Filter

14.2 Designing a Series RC Low-Pass Filter

14.3 Designing a Series RL High-Pass Filter

14.4 Loading the Series RL High-Pass Filter

14.5 Designing a Bandpass Filter

14.6 Designing a Parallel RLC Bandpass Filter

14.7 Determining Effect of a Nonideal Voltage Source on a RLC Bandpass Filter

14.8 Designing a Series RLC Bandreject Filter

Chapter

15.1 Designing a Low-Pass Op Amp Filter

15.2 Designing a High-Pass Op Amp Filter

15.3 Scaling a Series RLC Circuit

15.4 Scaling a Prototype Low-Pass Op Amp Filter

15.5 Designing a Broadband Bandpass Op Amp Filter

15.6 Designing a Broadband Bandreject Op Amp Filter

15.7 Designing a Fourth-Order Low-Pass Op Amp Filter

15.8 Calculating Butterworth Transfer Functions■

15.9 Designing a Fourth-Order Low-Pass Butterworth Filter

15.10 Determining the Order of a Butterworth Filter

15.11 An Alternate Approach to Determining the Order of a Butterworth Filter

15.12 Designing a High-Q Bandpass Filter

15.13 Designing a High-Q Bandreject Filter

Chapter

16.1 Finding the Fourier Series of a Triangular Waveform with No Symmetry

16.2 Finding the Fourier Series of an Odd Function with Symmetry

16.3 Calculating Forms of the Trigonometric Fourier Series for Periodic Voltage

16.4 Calculating Average Power for a Circuit with a Periodic Voltage Source

16.5 Estimating the rms Value of a Periodic Function

16.6 Finding the Exponential Form of the Fourier Series

Chapter

17.1 Using the Fourier Transform to Find the Transient Response

17.2 Using the Fourier Transform to Find the Sinusoidal Steady-State Response

17.3 Applying Parseval's Theorem

17.4 Applying Parseval's Theorem to an Ideal Bandpass Filter

17.5 Applying Parseval's Theorem to a Low-Pass Filter

Chapter

18.1 Finding the z Parameters of a Two-Port Circuit

18.2 Finding the a Parameters from Measurements

18.3 Finding h Parameters from Measurements and Table 18.1

18.4 Analyzing a Terminated Two-Port Circuit

18.5 Analyzing Cascaded Two-Port Circuits