1. Trade and Economic Policy

A. A Few Numbers on Trade and Economic Growth

B. The Debate on Liberalized Trade

Walter Kirn， Help Wanted

C. Comparative Advantage

1. The Parable of the Lawyer-Secretary

2. The Parable of the Entrepreneur-Merchant

3. An Example of Comparative Advantage

D. Traditional Arguments Against Trade

1. Domestic Market Failures

Paul Krugman & Maurice Obstfeld， The Domestic Market Failure Argument Against Free Trade

2. Distribution

3. Infant Industry

4. Optimal Tariffs

5. Strategic Trade Policy

6. National Security

E. Non-Economic Reasons Supporting Liberalized Trade

2. The Trade Debate Among Economists

Jagdish Bhagwati， Technology， Not Globalisation， Is Driving Wages Down

A. Outsourcing

Alan S. Blinder， Free Trade’s Great， But Offshoring Rattles Me

Charles Schumer & Paul Craig Roberts， Second Thoughts on Free Trade

Arvind Panagariya， Defending the Case for Free Trade （On Outsourcing）

B. A Debate Rages

David Dollar & Aart Kraay， Spreading the Wealth

Dani Rodrik， How to Save Globalization from Its Cheerleaders

3. The Making and Impact of Trade Agreements in National Legal Systems

A. Trade Policymaking in the United States

Charan Devereaux， Robert Lawrence & Michael Watkins， Case Studies in U.S. Trade Negotiation， Vol. 1： Making the Rules

United States Trade Representative， Report to the Congress on the Extension of Trade Promotion Authority

Pamphlet Against Fast Track， Public Citizen’s Global Trade Watch

B. Trade Policymaking in the European Union

Stephen Woolcock， Trade Policy： From Uruguay to Doha and Beyond

Sophie Meunier， Trade Policy and Political Legitimacy in the European Union

Sophie Meunier， What Single Voice？ European Institutions and EU-U.S. Trade Negotiations

C. The Status of WTO Agreements in U.S. and EC Law

John James Barcelo， The Status of WTO Rules in U.S. Law

Marco Bronckers， The Effect of the WTO in European Court Litigation

Piet Eeckhout， External Relations of the European Union， Legal and Constitutional Foundations

4. The WTO： History and Structure

A. What Does the WTO Do？

World Trade Organization， Understanding the WTO， Chapter 1： Basics

B. A Very Brief History of the GATT/WTO System

William Davey， The World Trade Organization： A Brief Introduction

C. Why Does the WTO Exist？

Douglas Irwin， Petros Mavroidis & Alan Sykes， The Genesis of the GATT

D. The Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization

WTO Agreement， Article Ⅲ， Functions of the WTO

World Trade Organization， Understanding the WTO， Chapter 7： The Organization

E. Secretariat and Staff

F. Membership

G. Navigating the WTO Agreements

Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization

World Trade Organization， Understanding the WTO， Chapter 2： The Agreements

H. What Does the WTO Do， and What Does It Not Do？

World Trade Organization， Ten Common Misunderstandings About the WTO

I. Is the WTO a Legitimate and Accountable Institution？

Susan George， Beyond the WTO： The Problem Isn’t Beef， Bananas， Cultural Diversity， or the Patenting of Life； The Problem Is the WTO

Ruth Grant & Robert Keohane， Accountability and Abuses of Power in World Politics

5. WTO Dispute Settlement

A. Understanding the WTO Dispute Settlement System

William Davey， The WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism

B. Flowchart of the DSU Process and Timelines

C. Problem： Antigua Gambling

6. Special Topics in WTO Dispute Settlement

A. Retaliation and the Level of Trade Suspension

EC—Hormone Beef

B. Unilateral vs. Multilateral Enforcement of GATT/WTO Agreements

C. Confidential Proceedings vs. Transparency and Open Hearings

1. Private Representation Before the WTO

2. Amicus Curiae Briefs

3. Public Hearings

D. Problem： Patria and Protectio

7. Tariffs

A. Background to Tariff Negotiations and Commitments

1. Tariffs， Tariff Negotiations， and Tariff Bindings

2. Special Cases： Agriculture and Information Technology Products

3. Tariff Renegotiations

Anwarul Hoda， Tariff Negotiations and Renegotiations Under the GATT and the WTO， Procedures and Practices

B. The Jurisprudence on Import Tariffs

1. Argentina—Textiles

Argentina—Textiles （Appellate Body Report）

Argentina—Textiles （Panel Report）

2. EC—Customs Classification of Chicken Cuts

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties， Article 31： General Rules of Interpretation

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties， Article 32： Supplementary Means of Interpretation

EC—Customs Classifiication of Chicken Cuts

C. The International Trade Negotiation Game

D. Problem： Tramontanan Chocolate Duties

8. Quantitative Restrictions

A. What Is a Non-Tariff Barrier？

B. Background to the General Ban on Quantitative Restrictions

Arthur Dunkel & Frieder Roessler， The Ranking of Trade Policy Instruments Under the GATT Legal System

C. Japan—Semi-Conductors

Japan —Semi-Conductors

D. Other Developments

1. The Line Between Government and Private Conduct

Argentina—Bovine Hides

2. What Are “Restrictions on Importation”？

India—Autos

E. Problem： Patrian Shoes

9. National Treatment —Internal Taxation

A. National Treatment

Petros C. Mavroidis， The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade： A Commentary

B. The Leading Case： Japan—Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages

Japan—Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages （Panel Report）

Japan—Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages （Appellate Body Report）

C. Other Developments

1. How Does One Prove That Products Are “Directly Competitive or Substitutable”？

2. When Is a Tax Applied “So as to Afford Protection to Domestic Production”？

Chile—Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages

3. The Line Between a Tax and a Tariff and When Is a Tax “Applied， Directly or Indirectly， to&Products” and Subject to “Border Tax Adjustment” and National Treatment？

Mexico—Soft Drinks

D. Problems： Luxury Taxes and Carbon Taxes

1. Patria’s “Luxury Tax”

2. Eutopia’s “Carbon Tax”

10. National Treatment —Internal Regulations

A. What Is Regulatory Protectionism？

1. The Dilemma of Regulating Regulations

2. Why Regulatory Protection Is the Worst Kind of Protection

B. The Leading Case： EC—Asbestos

EC—Asbestos

C. Other Developments

1. “No Less Favorable”

Joost Pauwelyn， The Unbearable Lightness of Likeness

2. When Does a Regulation “Affect” Products？

Tuna—Dolphin I

D. Problems： Communian Beef and Flandrian Seals

1. Communia’s Hormone Beef Ban

2. Flandria’s Ban on Seal and Seal Products

11. Most-Favored-Nation Treatment

A. The MFN Obligation

William Davey & Joost Pauwelyn， MFN-Unconditionality： A Legal Analysis of the Concept in View of Its Evolution in the GATT/WTO Jurisprudence

Robert Hudec， “Like Product”： The Differences in Meaning in GATT Articles I and Ⅲ

B. The Leading Case： EC—Bananas

EC—Bananas

C. Other Developments

1. Does GATT Article I：1 Cover Both De Jure and De Facto Discrimination？

Canada—Autos

2. Any Advantage Must Be Accorded “Immediately and Unconditionally” to the Like Product of All Other WTO Members

Belgian Family Allowances

Steve Charnovitz， The Law of Environmental “PPMs” in the WTO： Debunking the Myth of Illegality

3. Non-Discrimination for Government Procurement and State Trading Enterprises

D. Problems： Moralian Soccer Balls and Eutopia and Flandria Revisited

1. Moralia—Soccer Balls

2. Eutopia’s Carbon Tax and Flandria—Seal Products（Revisited）

12. Preferential Trade Agreements

A. The Basics of Preferential Trading Arrangements

B. The Leading Case： Turkey—Textiles

Turkey—Textiles

C. The Special Case of Regionalism Among Developing Countries

D. The Pros and Cons

Joel Trachtman， International Trade： Regionalism

UNCTAD， Trade and Development Report， 2007

Martin Jacques， The Death of Doha Signals the Demise of Globalisation

E. Problem： The East-West Compact

13. General Exceptions： GATT Article XX

A. Requirements of Article XX： A Two-Step Analysis

B. The Meaning of “Necessary”

1. Brazil—Tyres

Brazil —Tyres

2. EC—Asbestos

EC—Asbestos

C. The Policy Concern Behind Article XX（A）： “Public Morals”

United States—Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply o f Gambling and Betting Services

D. Article XX（B）： “Protect Human， Animal or Plant Life or Health”

E. Article XX（D）： “Secure Compliance with Laws or Regulations&”

1. Korea—Beef

2. Canada—Certain Measures Concerning Periodicals

F. Article XX（G）： “Relating to the Conservation of Exhaustible Natural Resources”

United States—Shrimp

G. Problem： Tabac Tobacco

14. General Exceptions： The Chapeau of GATT Article XX

A. Introduction to the Chapeau

United States—Gasoline

B. The Leading Case： United States—Shrimp

1. US—Shrimp

United States—Shrimp

2. The Compliance Decision： United States—Shrimp， 21.5

United States—Shrimp， 21.5

C. Other Developments

1. “Between Countries Where the Same Conditions Prevail”

2. “Disguised Restriction on Trade”

EC—Asbestos

D. The Role of Non-WTO Law in WTO Dispute Settlement

Joel Trachtman， The Jurisdiction of the WTO

Joost Pauwelyn， How to Win a WTO Dispute Based on Non-WTO Law？

E. Problem： Novador and Sashimia

15. Subsidies and Countervailing Duties

A. Defining and Regulating Subsidies

B. Requirements for a Subsidy

1. Foregone “Government Revenue That Is Otherwise Due”

United States—Tax Treatment for “Foreign Sales Corporations”

2. Has a Benefit Been Conferred？

3. Specificity

C. Prohibited Subsidies

Canada —Aircraft， 21.5

D. Actionable Subsidies

1. Injury to Domestic Producers

2. Nullification or Impairment

3. Serious Prejudice

E. The Impact of a DSU Decision

1. Prohibited Subsidies

2. Actionable Subsidies

F. Countervailing Duties

1. WTO Rules Governing CVDs

2. CVD Investigations in the United States

3. CVD Investigations in the EC

G. Does the SCM Agreement Help or Hurt？

H. Agricultural Subsidies

I. Problem： Mobilian Auto Loans

16. Dumping and Anti-Dumping

A. What Is Dumping？

1. In the Ordinary Course of Trade

US—Hot-Rolled Steel

2. “Comparable Price”

3. Other Methods of Calculating “Normal Value”

B. Calculating the Dumping Margin—“Zeroing”

EC—Bed Linens

C. Determination of Injury

D. Causation

E. Anti-Dumping as the Exclusive Remedy for Dumping（“Specific Action Against Dumping”）

US—Offset Act （Byrd Amendment）

F. Is Anti-Dumping Good or Bad？

Terence P. Stewart， Administration of the Antidumping Law： A Different Perspective

Michael J. Trebilcock & Thomas M. Boddez， The Case for Liberalizing North American Trade Remedy Laws

G. Trade Remedies in the European Union

Directorate General for Trade of the European Commission， Anti-Dumping： Protection Against Dumped Imports

Directorate General for Trade of the European Commission， Europe’s Trade Defence Instruments （Fact Sheet）

H. Trade Remedies in the United States

United States International Trade Commission， Trade Remedy Investigations： Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Investigations

Jennifer A. Hillman， Testimony Before the Senate Finance Committee

I. Problem： Welcome to the Firm

17. Safeguards

A. Agreement on Safeguards and GATT ⅩⅨ

GATT Article ⅩⅨ： Emergency Action on Imports of Particular Products

B. Argentina—Footwear

Argentina —Footwear

C. Causal Influences Other Than Increased Imports

United States—Lamb

D. “Domestic Industry”

United States—Lamb

E. Form， Extent， and Duration of the Safeguard

1. Form

2. Extent

3. Duration

4. Compensation

F. The Justification for a Safeguard Exception

Alan O. Sykes， The Safeguards Mess： A Critique of WTO Jurisprudence

G. A Comparison Among WTO Trade Remedies

H. Problem： Welcome （Back） to the Firm

18. Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

A. The History and Scope of the SPS Agreement

B. The Dilemma： Health and Safety vs. Market Access

C. EC—Hormones

1. The Standard of Review

EC—Hormones

US—Continued Suspension in EC—Hormones

2. Harmonization： Article 3

EC—Hormones

3. Based on a Risk Assessment： Article 5

EC—Hormones

4. The “Rational Relationship” Requirement

EC—Hormones

EC—Hormones

D. The Precautionary Principle and the SPS Agreement：Article 5.7

E. Balancing Trade and Safety

Andrew Guzman， Food Fears： Health and Safety at the WTO

F. The Role of Scientific Experts

Joost Pauwelyn， The WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary （SPS） Measures as Applied in the Three First SPS Disputes： EC—Hormones，Australia—Salmon， and Japan —Varietal

G. Problem： Salmon Plague

19. Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade

A. What Is a Technical Barrier？

B. EC—Sardines

EC—Sardines

C. The Substantive Requirements of the TBT Agreement

1. Non-Discrimination

2. Least-Restrictive Means

3. International Standards

EC—Sardines

D. TBT Requirements and a Complex International Problem：Climate Change

Andrew Green， Climate Change， Regulatory Policy and the WTO： How Constraining Are Trade Rules？

E. Problem： Dolphin-Safe Tuna

20. Trade in Services

A. Background to the Services Industry and Trade in Services

Bernard Hoekman & Carlos A. Primo Braga， Protection and Trade in Services： A Survey

B. A Brief Description of the GATS

Aaditya Mattoo， National Treatment in the GATS：Corner-Stone or Pandora’s Box？

Bernard Hoekman & Carlos A. Primo Braga，Protection and Trade in Services： A Survey

GATS and Democracy： A Joint Publication of the Seattle to Brussels Network， Introduction

World Trade Organization， How ［GATS］ Schedules Are Structured

C. The Leading Case： U.S.—Gambling

U.S. —Gambling

Joost Pauwelyn， Rien Ne Va Plus？ Distinguishing Domestic Regulation from Market Access in GATT and GATS？

D. Problem： Complexian Distribution Services

21. Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

A. A Primer on International IP

UNCTAD—ICTSD， Project on IPRS and Sustainable Development， Intellectual Property Rights：Implications for Development

B. A Brief Description of the TRIPS Agreement

Advocates General to the European Court of Justice， Re： The Uruguay Round Treaties

C. Case Study： The TRIPS Agreement and Access to Essential Medicines

1. The Problem of Access to Medicine

Commission on Intellectual Property Rights， U.K. Secretary of State for International Development， Integrating Intellectual Property Rights & Development Policy： Health

Alan O. Sykes， TRIPS， Pharmaceuticals， Developing Countries and the Doha “Solution”

2. Relevant Text of the TRIPS Agreement

3. Commentary on the TRIPS Amendment

Medecins sans Frontieres， Neither Expeditious， Nor a Solution： The WTO August 30th Decision Is Unworkable

4. Other Developments

D. Protection of Traditional Knowledge and the TRIPS Agreement

E. Problem： Generic Transit Through Richland

22. Development

A. Background： The WTO and Developing Countries

B. The Generalized System of Preferences and the Enabling Clause

The Enabling Clause （Differential and More Favourable Treatment， Reciprocity and Fuller Participation of Developing Countries）

C. The Leading Case： EC— Tariff Preferences

EC—Tariff Preferences

D. Does GSP Promote Development？

Gene M. Grossman & Alan O. Sykes， A Preference for Development： The Law and Economics of GSP

Andrew Charlton， A Proposal for Special Treatment in Market Access for Developing Countries in the Doha Round

E. Other S&D Provisions in the GATT

1. Article ⅩⅧ

2. Part Ⅳ

F. Problem： Justice in Trade

Frank Garcia， Global Justice and the Bretton Woods Institutions

Table of Cases

Index