INTRODUCTION．Nature of the Scientific Process

1．What is Science？

2．Origins of the Scientific Tradition

Ⅰ．RISE OF MENTAL COHERENCE．The Foundations：Mesopotamia，Egypt，Ionia，Magna Graecia，Athens，to c．400 B．C

1．First Systematization of Knowledge

2．Beginnings of Ionian Science and the Eastern Greek School

3．Pythagoreans and the Western Greek School

4．Fathers of Athenian Science

Ⅱ．THE GREAT ADVENTURE．Unitary Systems of Thought：Athens，400-300 B．C

1．Plato and the Academy

2．Aristotle

3．Peripatetics，Stoics，and Epicureans

Ⅲ．THE SECOND ADVENTURE．Divorce of Science and Philosophy：Alexandria(300 B．C．-A．D．200)

1．Early Alexandrian Period(300-200 B．C．)

2．Archimedes．Rise of Mechanics

3．Middle Alexandrian Period 200-c．30B．C

4．Late Alexandrian Period to A．D．200

(ⅰ)Physical and Mathematical Knowledge

(ⅱ)Ptolemy．Astronomy and Geography

(ⅲ)Late Alexandrian Biology

(ⅳ)Late Alexandrian Alchemy

Ⅳ．THE FAILURE OF INSPIRATION．Science the Handmaid of Practice：Imperial Rome(50 B．C．-A．D．400)

1．Development of the Roman Attitude to Nature

2．Geography and Imperialism

3．Imperial Organization of Medicine and Hygiene

4．Roman Mathematical，Mechanical，and Calendarial Science

5．Roman Astronomy and Astrology

6．Passage from Pagan to Christian Thought

Ⅴ．THE FAILURE OF KNOWLEDGE．The Middle Ages：Theology，Queen of the Sciences(c．A．D．400-c．1400)

1．The Dark Age in the West(400-1000)

2．Science in the Orient(750-1200)

(ⅰ)Byzantines and Moslems

(ⅱ)Alchemy in Eastern Islam

(ⅲ)Medicine in Eastern Islam

(ⅳ)Mathematics and Astronomy in Eastern Islam

(ⅴ)Physics in Eastern Islam

(ⅵ)Science in Western Islam

3．Oriental Penetration of the Occident to c．1100

4．Mechanism of Translation from Arabic to Latin

5．Early Western Translators from Arabic(1100-1300)

6．Scholasticism and Science(1200-1400)

7．Some Main Personalities of Scholastic Science

8．Status of Medieval Science

9．Medieval Science and Useful Arts

Ⅵ．REVIVAL OF LEARNING．Rise of Humanism：Attempted Return to Antiquity(1250-1600)

1．Humanism

2．Printing of the Ancient Scientific Classics

3．Scientific Atmosphere of the Early Renaissance

4．Practical Arts in the Sixteenth Century

5．Encyclopaedic Naturalists of the Sixteenth Century

6．Anatomy and Physiology in the Sixteenth Century

7．Astronomical Observation and Hypothesis in the Sixteenth Century

Ⅶ．THE INSURGENT CENTURY．Downfall of Aristotle(1600-1700)：New Attempts at Synthesis

1．Doctrine of the Infinite Universe

2．Mathematics becomes the Instrument of Physical Investigation

3．Physico-Mathematical Synthesis

4．Kepler＇s re-formation of the Heavens

5．Galileo＇s Astronomical Discoveries

6．Some Philosophical Implications of Galileo＇s Views

7．Some Physical Implications of the Galilean Revolution

8．Prophets of Science

9．Character and Conduct of Matter

10．Mechanical Concepts in Biology

(ⅰ)First Application of Physics to Physiology

(ⅱ)The Physiological Sects

(ⅲ)The Classical Microscopists and Spontaneous Generation

Ⅷ．THE MECHANICAL WORLD．Enthronement of Determinism(1700-1850)

1．The Newtonian Key to the Mathematics of the Heavens

2．Morphology of the Universe

(ⅰ)Observational Astronomy

(ⅱ)Dynamical Astronomy

(ⅲ)Astrophysics

3．Terrestrial Globe

(ⅰ)Measurement of the Earth and Cartography

(ⅱ)Wind，Water，and Terrestrial Magnetism

(ⅲ)Early Views of Earth-History

(ⅳ)Stratigraphy

4．Transformations of Matter

(ⅰ)Rise of Quantitative Method

(ⅱ)Intensive Study of Chemical Reaction

(ⅲ)Gases

(ⅳ)The Elements

(ⅴ)Atomism

(ⅵ)Molecular Theory

5．Transformations of Forces

(ⅰ)The Imponderables

(ⅱ)Temperature Measurement

(ⅲ)Heat a Mode of Motion

(ⅳ)Static Electricity

(ⅴ)First Study of Current Electricity

(ⅵ)Electromagnetism

(ⅶ)The Dynamo

(ⅷ)The Magneto-Electric Field

(ⅸ)Undulatory Theory

(ⅹ)Doctrine of Energy

6．Biology becomes Systematized

(ⅰ)Early Classificatory Systems

(ⅱ)Main Subdivisions of Biological Study

(ⅲ)Naturphilosophie

(ⅳ)Correlation of Parts

(ⅴ)Distribution of Living Things

7．Physical Interpretation of the Living Organism

(ⅰ)Beginnings of Modern Physiology

(ⅱ)Foundations of Bionomics

(ⅲ)Cell Theory

(ⅳ)Protoplasm

Ⅸ．CULMINATION OF THE MECHANICAL VIEW OF THE WORLD(c．1850-c．1900)

1．Note on Delimitation of the Period

2．Nature of the Galilean-Newtonian Revolution

3．Physics

(ⅰ)Sound

(ⅱ)Heat

(ⅲ)Optics

(ⅳ)Electromagnetism

(ⅴ)Spectroscopy

4．Astronomy

5．Chemistry

6．Mechanization of Biology

(ⅰ)Microbiology

(ⅱ)Embryology and Embryogenesis

(ⅲ)Rise of Genetics

(ⅳ)Physiological Synthesis

(ⅴ)Evolution

(ⅵ)The Turn of the Century

INDEX