1 GERMAN SENTENCE TYPES

1．0 Introductory

1．1 Minor sentence types

1．2 Major sentence types

1．3 Terminology

2 GERMAN CLAUSES

2．1 Definition

2．2 Major clause types

2．3 Usual finite verb form

2．4 Arrangements within the clause

2．41 What is a clause element？

2．42 FV-2 clauses

2．5 Occurrence of subjunctives

2．51 Special subjunctive：SS-1-2 clauses

2．6 Imperative clauses

2．7 Order questions：FV-1 clauses

2．8 Dependent clauses：FV-L

2．81 Clause introducer：question word

2．82 Clause introducer：subordinating conjunction (SUB)

2．821 Clause introducer：relative pronoun (REL)

2．822 Clause introducer：ob＂whether＂

2．823 Dependent clause without clause introducer

2．9 Negation

3 PHRASE STRUCTURE

3．0 Introductory

3．1 Subordinate structure：center ？ modifier

3．10(a) Attributive modifiers

3．11 The＂primary＂and the＂modal＂auxiliaries

3．12 Primary auxiliaries

3．121 Modification I

3．1211 Sequence of tenses

3．1212 Limitation to chronological past

3．1213 Uncertainty，unreality，improbability

3．122 Modification II：have + participle

3．1221 Co-occurrence of Modification I and II

3．1222 Modification III：be + -ing

3．123 Modification IV：be + participle

3．1231 werden + participle

3．1232 Passive clauses with dative object

3．1233 Other passive auxiliaries

3．13 Modal auxiliaries

3．131 Distribution of modals

3．14 Grammatical characteristics of auxiliaries

3．141 Negation

3．1411 Interrogation

3．1412 Stress and pitch signals

3．1413 Use as＂echo＂

3．142 Role of do

3．10(b) Attributive phrases

3．10(c) Attributive clauses

3．2 Objective modifiers

3．21 Clause objects

3．22 Word objects

3．221 Object and case

3．222 Direct and indirect objects

3．223 Variety in object case

3．224 Verb + zu + dative

3．3 Coordinate structure：center ？ center

3．4 Coordinate structure：center = center (apposition)

3．5 Centerless structure：X ？ Y

3．51 Preposition ？ object

3．52 Subject ？ predicate

3．53 Subordinating conjunction ？ subordinating clause

4 PARTS OF SPEECH

4．0 Introductory

4．1 Form， function， markers

4．2 Content words and function words

4．3 Nouns

4．4 Verbs

4．5 Adjective-adverbs

4．51 Conflicts

4．6 Function words

4．61 Conjunctions

4．62 Prepositions

4．7 Adverbs

4．71 Groups of special adverbs

5 COMPULSORY GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES

5．0 Introductory

5．1 Substantives

5．11 Number

5．111 Pronouns

5．112 Determiners

5．113 Adjectives

5．12 Case

5．13 Grammatical gender

5．2 Verbs

5．21 Person-number

5．22 Infinitive

5．23 Past participle

5．24 Present participle

5．241 -ing forms as adjectives

5．242 -ing forms as nouns

5．243 -ing forms as verbals

5．25 Reflexive

6 COMPULSORY SEMANTIC CATEGORIES

6．0 Introductory

6．1 Compulsory semantic categories

6．11 Subjunctive

6．111 Unreal conditions

6．112 Contrary-to-fact statements in past tense

6．113 Omission of wenn；use of so，dann

6．114 Omission of wenn-clause

6．115 Other uses of the subjunctive

6．12 General and special subjunctive

6．121 Imperative use of special subjunctive

6．122 damit-clauses

6．123 Special subjunctive in spoken German

6．124 Significance of subjunctive

6．2 Progressive form

6．3 Past tenses

6．31 Differences in meaning of English past tenses

6．32 Differences in meaning of German past tenses

6．33 English present perfect and German present tense

6．34 Choice of auxiliary

6．35 lassen

6．4 Motion in reference to speaker

6．41 bringen and nehmen

6．5 Nominal gender distinctions

6．6 Location vs．destination

6．7 The second-person pronoun