CHAPTER Ⅰ THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CELLS OF THE BLOOD IN THE EMBRYO，INFANT AND ADULT

Blood Formation in the Embryo

The Blood of the Fetus

The Interrelationship of the Blood Cells

The Bone Marrow

Anatomy

Physiology

Methods of Examination

At Autopsy

During Life

Teased Preparations

Supravital Preparations

Dry Imprints

Smears

Sections of Bone Marrow

Dangers and Limitations of Sternal Biopsy

The Normal Bone Marrow

The Bone Marrow in Disease

Extramedullary Hematopoiesis

Bibliography

CHAPTER Ⅱ THE ERYTHROCYTE Morphology and Normal Values

Discovery of the Erythrocyte and Early Studies

Normal Development of the Erythrocyte

1．Pronormoblast

2．Basophilic Normoblast

3．Polychromatic Normoblast

4．Orthochromatic(Acidophilic)Normoblast

5．Diffuse Basophilia

6．Granule Red Corpuscle

7．Mature Red Corpuscle

The Megaloblast Series

The Mature Red Corpuscle

Structure

Function of the Erythrocyte

Red Corpuscles of Various Mammals and Lower Vertebrates

Elliptical Red Corpuscles

Abnormal Forms of the Erythrocyte

Normal Values for Number of Erythrocytes，Quantity of Hemoglobin and Volume of Packed Red Cells

＂Per cent＂of Hemoglobin

Physiological Variations

Normal Values for the Size and Hemoglobin Content of the Red Corpuscle

Physiological Variations

The Response to Increased Demands for Hemoglobin and Red Corpuscles

Role of the Spleen

Increased Activity of the Hematopoietic System

Reticulocytosis

Other Morphological Changes in the Red Corpuscles

Thrombocytosis and Leukocytosis

Bibliography

CHAPTER Ⅲ THE ERYTHROCYTE—(Continued)The Production and the Destruction of the Red Corpuscles

Chemical Composition of the Red Corpuscle

The Requirements for Red Cell Production

Amino Acids and Protein

Iron

Iron Metabolism

Copper

Cobalt，Nickel，Manganese and Other Minerals

The B Vitamins

Pyridoxine

Riboflavin

Nicotinic Acid

＂Folic Acid，＂Lactobacillus casei Factor，Vitamin Be，Vitamin M，Xanthopterin，Vitamins B10，B11

Extrinsic Factor and Antipernicious Anemia Principle

Miscellaneous Substances

Pyrrol-containing Pigments

＂Secondary Anemia＂Liver Fraction

Ascorbic Acid

Thyroid Hormone

Fate of the Red Corpuscle

Life Span of the Red Corpuscles

Extent of Normal Blood Destruction

Manner of Destruction

Hemoglobin Catabolism

Verdohemoglobin

Mesobilirubinogen

Stercobilinogen

The Van den Bergh Reaction

Coproporphyrins

Disturbances in Pigment Metabolism and Abnormal Pigments

Carboxyhemoglobin

Methemoglobin

Idiopathic Methemoglobinemia

Sulfhemoglobin

Methemalbumin

＂Enterogenous Cyanosis＂

＂Inactive＂Hemoglobin

Porphyrinuria

Porphyria

Congenital Porphyria

Acute Porphyria

Porphobilinogen

Evidence of Exaggerated Red Cell Destruction

Blood，Urine and Stools

Icterus Index(Meulengracht Test)

Van den Bergh Test

Tests for Urobilinogen and Urobilin

Fluorescence in the Presence of Zinc Salts

Ehrlich＇s Aldehyde Reaction

Agglutination and Hemolysis of Red Corpuscles

Pseudoagglutination

Isoagglutination

Cold Hemagglutination

Hemolysis

Erythrocyte Fragility Test

Bibliography

CHAPTER Ⅳ THE LEUKOCYTES

Description of the Leukocytes

The Myeloid Series

The Myeloblast

Myelocytes

Metamyelocytes or＂Juvenile＂Forms

Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils(＂Mast＂Leukocytes)

Macropolycyte

Pegler＇s Familial Anomaly of the Granulocytes

Lymphocytic Series

Lymphoblast

Plasma Cells

Monocytic Series

Monoblast

Monocyte

Premonocyte

Epithelioid Cell

Macrophage，Clasmatocyte or Histiocyte

Function and Biologic Properties of the Leukocytes

Fate of the Leukocytes

Normal Values for Leukocytes

Physiological Leukocytosis

Systems for Differential Counting

The Technic of the Differential Count

Normal Values for Different Types of Leukocytes

Variations of Leukocytes in Disease

Leukocytosis．Neutrophilia

Causes of Neutrophilia

Factors Affecting the Magnitude of Neutrophilia

Leukopenia

Causes of Leukopenia

Leukopenic Index

Neutropenia Without Leukopenia

Pathogenesis of Leukopenia

Eosinophilia

Basophilic Leukocytosis

Lymphocytosis

Plasma Cells

Monocytosis

Interpretation and Prognostic Value of the Leukocytic Picture

Leukemoid Blood Pictures

Bibliography

CHAPTER V BLOOD PLATELETS AND COAGULATION

The Blood Platelet

Morphology

Physicial and Chemical Properties

Origin of Blood Platelets

Megakaryocytes

Enumeration of Blood Platelets

Indirect Methods

Direct Methods

Volume Occupied by Platelets

Normal Values for Platelets

Variations in Platelets in Disease

Function of Platelets

Coagulation

Theories of Coagulation

Fibrinogen

Thrombin

Prothrombin

Thromboplastin

Failure of Circulating Blood to Clot

Factors Which Accelerate and Those Which Prevent Coagulation

Classification of Causes of Hemorrhage

Clinical Methods for the Measurement of Disturbances of Coagulation

Coagulation Time

Clotting Time of Recalcified Plasma

Calcium Time

Quantitative Determination of Prothrombin

Retraction Time of Blood Clot

Estimation of Bleeding Time

Capillary Fragility Tests

Significance of Coagulation and Capillary Fragility Tests

Bibliography

CHAPTER VI THE BLOOD AS A WHOLE General Physical and Chemical Considerations

The Total Quantity of Blood

Methods for Determination

Normal Values

Physiological Variations

Variations in Disease

The Specific Gravity of Blood

The Blood Viscosity

Suspension Stability of the Blood—The Sedimentation Test

The Nature of the Sedimentation Phenomenon

Methods

Normal Values and Physiological Variations

Variations in Disease

Bibliography

CHAPTER Ⅶ THE PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIC OP BLOOD EXAMINATION

Obtaining the Specimen

Small Samples

Collection of Blood From Veins

Anticoagulants

Macroscopic Examination of the Blood

Technic

Volume of Packed Red Cells

Reddish-gray Layer of Packed Leukocytes and Platelets

Color and Opacity of the Blood Plasma

Cleaning the Hematocrit

Other Methods for Determining Volume of Packed Red Cells

Enumeration of Red Corpuscles

Critique of Method

Enumeration of White Corpuscles

Inherent Error in Leukocyte Counting

Hemoglobinometry

Direct Color Comparison

Acid Hematin Methods

Alkali-Hematin Method

Carbon Monoxide Methods

Oxygen Capacity Method

Iron Content Method

Other Methods

Types of Instruments

Calibration of Instruments

Measurement of Heme Pigments Other Than Hemoglobin

The Measurement of the Size and Hemoglobin Content of Red Corpuscles

Determination of Size of the Red Corpuscles

Measurement of Cell Diameter

Measurement of Volume of Red Corpuscle

Measurement of Corpuscular Thickness

Estimation of Hemoglobin Content of the Red Corpuscles

Choice of Methods

Care and Preparation of Slides and Cover-glasses

Examination of the Wet Film of Blood

Darkfield Illumination

Supravital Staining

Preparation of Blood Smears

Cover-glass Technic

Slide Technic

Fixation of Smears

The Staining of Blood Smears

Choice of Methods for Microscopic Study of Leukocytes

Bibliography

CHAPTER Ⅷ ANEMIA：GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS AND TREATMENT

Definition of Anemia

Concept of the＂Erythron＂

Classification of Anemia

Morphological Classification

General Symptomatology of Anemia

Integumentary System

Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Neuromuscular System

Gastro-intestinal System

Genito-urinary System

Metabolism

Other Systems

Treatment of Anemia

General Considerations

General Measures

Diet in Anemia

Transfusion of Blood

Method of Blood Typing

Errors in Blood Typing and Their Prevention

Indications for Transfusion

Choice of Methods

Effects，Good and Bad

Intra-group Hemolytic Reactions

Subgroups of A

M，N and P

Rh Factors

＂Universal Donor＂

Prevention of Transfusion Reactions

Treatment of Reactions

Treatment or Eradication of Cause of Anemia

Administration of Substances Specifically Lacking

Antipernicious Anemia Principle

Methods of Testing Potency of Anti-anemic Substances

Oral Therapy

Parenteral Therapy

Dosage

Involvement of the Central Nervous System

Effects of Treatment

Symptoms

Blood

Bone Marrow

Metabolism

Undesirable Effects

Maintenance Treatment

Failure of Liver Therapy

Iron

Relative Value of Various Sources of Iron

Administration of Iron

Effects of Iron Therapy

Copper and Other Metals，Various Fractions of Fiver and ？ther＂Accessory＂Substances

Bibliography

CHAPTER Ⅸ PERNICIOUS ANEMIA AND R？LATED MACROCYTIC ANEMIAS

Pernicious Anemia

Synonyms and Definition

History

Etiology

Geographical Distribution and Race

Age

Sex

Heredity，Family Predisposition

Personal Factors，Individual Susceptibility

Association With Other Diseases

Symptomatology

Mode of Onset and Initial Symptoms

Outward Appearance of the Patient

Body Temperature

Alimentary System

Circulatory System

Genito-urinary System

Nervous System

Laboratory Findings

The Blood

Erythrocytes

Leukocytes

Platelets

Red Cell Resistance

Blood Plasma

Total Blood Volume

The Bone Marrow

Gastro-intestinal Secretions

Urine

Chemical and Other Evidences of Disturbed Metabolism

Diagnosis

Complications

Treatment

Prognosis

Pathology

Sprue，Idiopathic Steatorrhea and Celiac Disease

Definition，Synonyms and History

Etiology

Geographic Distribution and Climate

Race

Age

Sex

Heredity．Family Predisposition

Personal Factors．Individual Susceptibility

Association With Other Diseases

Symptomatology

Mode of Onset

Comparison of Clinical Picture With That of Pernicious Anemia

Alimentary System

Skeletal System

Nervous System

Outward Appearance of the Patient

Laboratory Findings

The Blood and Bone Marrow

Gastro-intestinal Secretions and Stool

Chemical Evidences of Metabolic Abnormalities．Fat Metabolism

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Mineral Metabolism

Diagnosis

Complications

Treatment

Prognosis

Pathology

Other Nutritional Macrocytic Anemias

＂Tropical＂Macrocytic Anemia

Temperate Zones

Pellagra

Macrocytic Anemia Developing During Pregnancy．Pernicious Anemia of Pregnancy

Macrocytic Anemia in Association With Surgical Procedures or Organic Disease in the Gastro-intestinal Tract

Carcinoma of the Stomach

Gastrectomy and Gastro-enterostomy

Intestinal Strictures and Anastomoses

Chronic Dysentery．Regional Ileitis．Chronic Pancreatic Disease and Resection of Small Intestine

Macrocytic Anemia in Disease of the Liver

Infestation With Fish Tapeworm

Macrocytic Anemia in Hypothyroidism

Achrestic Anemia

Pathogenesis of Pernicious Anemia and Related Forms of Macrocytic Anemia

Nature of the Liver Factor

Role of Achylia Gastrica

Intrinsic Factor

Extrinsic Factor

Mode of Development of the Various Forms of Macrocytic Anemia

Criticism of Hypothesis

Possible．Role of Toxins

Fetal Hematopoiesis in Relation to Pernicious Anemia of Pregnancy

Possible Causes of Achylia Gastrica，Glossitis and Faulty Intestinal Function in Pernicious Anemia，Sprue and Related Disorders

Etiology of the Neurological Disturbances

Bibliography

CHAPTER Ⅹ THE NORMOCYTIC ANEMIAS Acute Post-hemorrhagic，Primary Refractory，Myelophthisic and Simple Chronic Anemias

General Considerations

Acute Posthemorrhagic Anemia

Symptomatology

Blood Findings

Diagnosis

Treatment

Anemias Characterized Chiefly by Lack of Blood Formation

Primary Refractory Anemias

Definition and Synonyms

Etiology

Benzol

Organic Arsenicals

Gold Compounds and Other Substances

Exposure to Radioactive Substances

Idiopathic Aplastic Anemia

Symptomatology

Blood Changes

Bone Marrow

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prognosis

Pathology

Pathogenesis

Simple Chronic Anemia

Definition

Etiology

Renal Disease

Malignancy

Parasite Infestation

Endocrine Disorders

Vitamin Deficiencies

Pregnancy

Climate

Symptomatology

Blood Changes

Bone Marrow

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prognosis

Pathogenesis

Myelophthisic Anemia

Definition and Synonyms

Etiology

Symptomatology

Blood Changes

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prognosis．Pathology

Pathogenesis

Bibliography