1 INTRODUCTION

What Is Comparative Politics？

The Comparative Method

Quantitative versus Qualitative Research

Debates in Comparative Politics

A Guiding Approach：Political Institutions

A Guiding Idea：Reconciling Freedom and Equality

In Sum：Looking Ahead

2 STATES

Defining the State

The Origins of Political Organization

The Rise of the Modern State

Comparing State Power

Legitimacy

Centralization or Decentralization

In Sum：Studying States

3 NATIONS AND SOCIETY

Ethnic Identity

National Identity

Citizenship and Patriotism

Ethnic Identity，National Identity，and Citizenship：Origins and Persistence

Sources of Ethnic and National Conflict

Political Attitudes and Political Ideology

Political Attitudes

Political Ideology

Fundamentalism and the Crisis of Ideology

Political Culture

In Sum：Society and Politics

4 POLITICAL ECONOMY

The Components of Political Economy

Markets and Property

Public Goods

Social Expenditures：Who Benefits？

Taxation

Money，Inflation，and Unemployment

Regulation

Trade

Political-Economic Systems

Liberalism

Social Democracy

Communism

Mercantilism

Political-Economic Systems and the State：Comparing Outcomes

Gross Domestic Product（GDP）

GiniIndex

Human Development Index（HDI）

The Future of Political Economy

In Sum：The End of Economic History？

5 AUTHORITARIANISM AND TOTALITARIANISM

Defining Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism

Sources of Nondemocratic Rule

Economic Sources of Nondemocratic Rule

Societal Sources of Nondemocratic Rule

Nondemocratic Regimes and Political Control

Coercion and Surveillance

Co-optation

Personality Cults

Nondemocratic Regimes and Legitimacy

Types of Nondemocratic Rule

Personal and Monarchical Rule

Military Rule

One-Party Rule

Theocracy

Illiberal Regimes

In Sum：Nondemocratic Regimes in Retreat？

6 DEMOCRACY

What Is Democracy？

The Origins of Liberal Democracy and the Rule of Law

Athenian Democracy and Roman Republicanism

England：The Birthplace o f Liberal Democracy

Institutionalizing Democracy

Participation：Voting and Elections

Electoral Systems

Referendum and Initiative

Competition：Political Parties and the Separation of Powers

Political Parties

The Separation of Powers

Liberty：Civil Rights，Civil Liberties，and Civil Society

In Sum：Future Challenges to Democracy

7 ADVANCED DEMOCRACIES

Defining Advanced Democracy

Freedom and Equality in Advanced Democracies

Advanced Democracies Today

States and Sovereignty：Challenges and Opportunities

The European Union：Integration，Expansion，and Resistance

Devolution and Democracy

Social Change and Conflict

Postmodern Values and Organization

Diversity，Identity，and the Challenge to Postmodern Values

Economic Change

Postindustrialism

Maintaining the Welfare State

In Sum：The Advanced Democracies in Transition

8 COMMUNISM AND POSTCOMMUNISM

Communism，Equality，and the Nature of Human Relations

Revolution and the “Triumph” of Communism

Putting Communism into Practice

Communist Political Economy

Societal Institutions under Communism

The Collapse of Communism

Political Institutions in Transition

Reorganizing the State and Constructing a Democratic Regime

Evaluating Political Transitions

Economic Institutions in Transition

Privatization and Marketization

Evaluating Economic Transitions

Societal Institutions in Transition

Re-creating Identities

Evaluating Societal Transitions

In Sum：The Legacy of Communism

9 LESS-DEVELOPED AND NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZING COUNTRIES

Freedom and Equality in the Newly Industrializing and Less-Developed Countries

Imperialism and Colonialism

Institutions of Imperialism

Exporting the State

Social Identities

Dependent Development

The Challenges of Postimperialism

Building State Capacity and Autonomy

Forging Social Identities

Generating Economic Growth

Prospects for Democracy and Development

Rebuilding State Power

Supporting Civil Society

Promoting Economic Prosperity

In Sum：The Challenges of Development

10 GLOBALIZATION

What Is Globalization？

Institutions and Globalization

Political Globalization

Economic Globalization

Societal Globalization

Globalization：Myths and Realities

Is Globalization New？

Is Globalization Exaggerated？

Is Globalization Inevitable？

In Sum：Freedom and Equality in a Globalized World

11 POLITICAL VIOLENCE

What Is Political Violence？

Why Political Violence？

Institutional Explanations

Ideational Explanations

Individual Explanations

Forms of Political Violence

Revolution

Terrorism

Terrorism and Revolution：Means and Ends

Political Violence in Context：Faith，Terrorism，and Revolution

Countering Political Violence

In Sum：Meeting the Challenge of Political Violence

GLOSSARY

INDEX