1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Historical Review

1.2 Elements of an Electrical Communication System

1.2.1 Digital Communication System,

1.2.2 Early Work in Digital Communications,

1.3 Communication Channels and Their Characteristics

1.4 Mathematical Models for Communication Channels

1.5 Further Reading

2 SIGNALS AND LINEAR SYSTEMS

2.1 Basic Concepts

2.1.1 Basic Operations on Signals,

2.1.2 Classification of Signals,

2.1.3 Some Important Signals and Their Properties,

2.1.4 Classification of Systems,

2.1.5 Analysis of LTI Systems in the Time Domain,

2.2 Fourier Series

2.2.1 Fourier Series and Its Properties,

2.2.2 Response of LTI Systems to Periodic Signals,

2.2.3 Parseval’s Relation,

2.3 Fourier Transform

2.3.1 From Fourier Series to Fourier Transforms,

2.3.2 Basic Properties of the Fourier Transform,

2.3.3 Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals,

2.3.4 Transmission over LTI Systems,

2.4 Filter Design

2.5 Power and Energy

2.5.1 Energy-Type Signals,

2.5.2 Power-Type Signals,

2.6 Hilbert Transform and Its Properties

2.7 Lowpass and Bandpass Signals

2.8 Further Reading

Problems

3 AMPLITUDE MODULATION

3.1 Introduction to Modulation

3.2 Amplitude Modulation （AM）

3.2.1 Double-Sideband Suppressed-Carrier AM,

3.2.2 Conventional Amplitude Modulation,

3.2.3 Single-Sideband AM,

3.3 Implementation of AM Modulators and Demodulators

3.4 Signal Multiplexing

3.4.1 Frequency-Division Multiplexing,

3.4.2 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing,

3.5 AM-Radio Broadcasting

Appendix 3A: Derivation of the Expression for SSB-AM Signals

Problems

4 ANGLE MODULATION

4.1 Representation of FM and PM Signals

4.2 Spectral Characteristics of Angle-Modulated Signals

4.2.1 Angle Modulation by a Sinusoidal Signal,

4.2.2 Angle Modulation by an Arbitrary Message Signal,

4.3 Implementation of Angle Modulators and Demodulators

4.4 FM-Radio and Television Broadcasting

4.4.1 FM-Radio Broadcasting,

4.4.2 Television Broadcasting,

4.5 Mobile Wireless Telephone Systems

4.6 Further Reading

Problems

5 PROBABILITY AND RANDOM PROCESSES

5.1 Review of Probability and Random Variables

5.1.1 Sample Space, Events, and Probability,

5.1.2 Conditional Probability,

5.1.3 Random Variables,

5.1.4 Functions of a Random Variable,

5.1.5 Multiple Random Variables,

5.1.6 Sums of Random Variables,

5.2 Random Processes: Basic Concepts

5.2.1 Statistical Averages,

5.2.2 Wide-Sense Stationaty Processes,

5.2.3 Multiple Random Processes,

5.2.4 Random Processes and Linear Systems,

5.2.5 Power Spectral Density of Stationary Processes,

5.2.6 Power Spectral Density of a Sum Process,

5.3 Gaussian and White Processes

5.3.1 Gaussian Processes,

5.3.2 White Processes,

5.3.3 Filtered Noise Processes,

5.4 Further Reading

Problems

6 EFFECT OF NOISE ON ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

6.1 Effect of Noise on Amplitude-Modulation Systems

6.1.1 Effect of Noise on a Baseband System,

6.1.2 Effect of Noise on DSB-SCAM,

6.1.3 Effect of Noise on SSB AM,

6.1.4 Effect of Noise on Conventional AM,

6.2 Effect of Noise on Angle Modulation

6.2.1 Threshold Effect in Angle Modulation,

6.2.2 Preemphasis and Deemphasis Filtering,

6.3 Comparison of Analog-Modulation Systems

6.4 Carrier-Phase Estimation with a Phase-Locked Loop （PLL）

6.4.1 Effect of Additive Noise on Phase Estimation,

6.5 Effects of Transmission Losses and Noise in Analog Communication Systems

6.5.1 Characterization of Thermal Noise Sources,

6.5.2 Effective Noise Temperature and Noise Figure,

6.5.3 Transmission Losses,

6.5.4 Repeaters for Signal Transmission,

6.6 Further Reading

Problems

7 ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION

7.1 Sampling of Signals and Signal Reconstruction from Samples

7.1.1 The Sampling Theorem,

7.2 Quantization

7.2.1 Scalar Quantization,

7.2.2 Vector Quantization,

7.3 Encoding

7.4 Waveform Coding

7.4.1 Pulse Code Modulation （PCM）,

7.4.2 Differential Pulse Code Modulation （DPCM）,

7.4.3 Delta Modulation （DM）,

7.5 Analysis-Synthesis Techniques

7.6 Digital Audio Transmission and Digital Audio Recording

7.6.1 Digital Audio in Telephone Transmission Systems,

7.6.2 Digital Audio Recording,

7.7 The JPEG Image-Coding Standard

7.8 Further Reading

Problems

8 DIGITAL MODULATION IN AN ADDITIVE WHITE GAUSSIAN NOISE BASEBAND CHANNEL

8.1 Geometric Representation of Signal Waveforms

8.2 Binary Pulse Modulation

8.2.1 Binary Pulse Amplitude Modulation,

8.2.2 Binary Pulse Position Modulation,

8.3 Optimum Receiver for Binary Modulated Signals in Additive White Gaussian Noise

8.3.1 Correlation-Type Demodulator,

8.3.2 Matched-Filter-Type Demodulator,

8.3.3 The Performance of the Optimum Detector for Binary Signals,

8.4 M-ary Pulse Modulation

8.4.1 M-ary Pulse Amplitude Modulation,

8.4.2 M-ary Orthogonal Signals,

8.4.3 Biorthogonal Signals,

8.4.4 Simplex Signal Waveforms,

8.4.5 Binary-Coded Signal Waveforms,

8.4.6 The Optimum Receiver for M-ary Signals in AWGN,

8.5 Probability of Error for M-ary Pulse Modulation

8.5.1 Probability of Error for M-ary Pulse Amplitude Modulation,

8.5.2 Probability of Error for M-ary Orthogonal Signals,

8.5.3 A Union Bound on the Probability of Error,

8.5.4 Probability of Error for M-ary Biorthogonal Signals,

8.5.5 Probability of Error for M-ary Simplex Signals,

8.5.6 Probability of Error for Binary-Coded Signals,

8.5.7 Comparison of Digital Pulse Modulation Methods,

8.6 Symbol Synchronization

8.6.1 Early-Late Gate Synchronizers,

8.6.2 Minimum Mean-Square-Error Method,

8.6.3 Maximum-Likelihood Method,

8.6.4 Spectral-Line Method,

8.7 Further Reading

Problems

9 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION THROUGH BANDLIMITED AWGN CHANNELS

9.1 Digital Transmission through Bandlimited Channels

9.1.1 Digital PAM Transmission through Bandlimited Baseband Channels,

9.2 Signal Design for Bandlimited Channels

9.2.1 Design of Bandlimited Signals for Zero ISI—The Nyquist Criterion,

9.2.2 Design of Bandlimited Signals with Controlled ISI—Partial Response Signals,

9.3 Probability of Error for Detection of Digital PAM

9.3.1 Probability of Error for Detection of Digital PAM with Zero ISI,

9.3.2 Symbol-by-Symbol Detection of Data with Controlled ISI,

9.3.3 Probability of Error for Symbol-by-Symbol Detection of Partial Response Signals,

9.3.4 Maximum-Likelihood Sequence Detection of Partial Response Signals,

9.4 System Designin the Presence of Channel Distortion

9.4.1 Design of Transmitting and Receiving Filters for a Known Channel,

9.4.2 Channel Equalization,

9.5 Further Reading

Problems

10 TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION VIA CARRIER MODULATION

10.1 Amplitude-Modulated Digital Signals

10.1.1 Demodulation and Detection of Amplitude-Modulated Signals,

10.2 Phase-Modulated Digital Signals

10.2.1 Demodulation and Detection of Phase-Modulated Signals,

10.2.2 Differential-Phase Modulation and Demodulation,

10.2.3 Probability of Error for Phase-Coherent PSK Modulation,

10.2.4 Probability of Error for DPSK,

10.3 Quadrature Amplitude-Modulated Digital Signals

10.3.1 Demodulation and Detection of Quadrature-Amplitude Modulated Signals,

10.3.2 Probability of Error for QAM,

10.4 Frequency-Modulated Digital Signals

10.4.1 Demodulation and Detection of Frequency-Modulated Signals,

10.4.2 Probability of Error for Noncoherent Detection of FSK,

10.4.3 Continuous-Phase FSK （CPFSK）,

10.5 Comparison of Modulation Methods

10.6 Symbol Synchronization for Carrier-Modulated Signals

10.7 Further Reading

Problems

11 SELECTED TOPICS IN DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS

11.1 Digital Transmission in Fading Multipath Channels

11.1.1 Channel Models for Time-Variant Multipath Channels,

11.1.2 Performance of Binary Modulation in Frequency Nonselective Rayleigh Fading Channels,

11.1.3 Performance Improvement through Signal Diversity,

11.1.4 Frequency Selective Channels and the RAKE Demodulator,

11.2 Multicarrier Modulation and OFDM

11.2.1 Modulation and Demodulation in an OFDM System,

11.2.2 An OFDM System Implemented via the FFT Algorithm,

11.2.3 Spectral Characteristics of OFDM Signals,

11.2.4 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio in OFDM Systems,

11.2.5 Applications of OFDM,

11.3 Spread-Spectrum Communication Systems

11.3.1 Model of a Spread-Spectrum Digital Communication System,

11.3.2 Direct Sequence Spread-Spectrum Systems,

11.3.3 Some Applications of DS Spread-Spectrum Signals,

11.3.4 Generation of PN Sequences,

11.3.5 Frequency-Hopped Spread Spectrum,

11.4 Digital Cellular Communication Systems

11.4.1 The GSM System,

11.4.2 CDMA System Based on IS-95,

11.4.3 Third Generation Cellular Communication Systems,

11.5 Performance Analysis for Wireline and Radio Communication Channels

11.5.1 Regenerative Repeaters,

11.5.2 Link Budget Analysis for Radio Channels,

11.6 Further Reading

Problems

REFERENCES

INDEX