Chapter 1 C++ BASICS

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO C+

Origins of the C++ Language

C++ and Object-Oriented Programming

The Character Of C+++

C++ Terminology y

A Sample C++ Program y

1.2 VARIABLES, EXPRESSIONS, AND ASSIGNMENT STATEMENTS

Identifiers

Variables

Assignment Statements

Pitfall: Uninitialized Variables

Tip: Use Meaningful Names

More Assignment Statements

Assignment Compatibility

Literals

Escape Sequences

Naming Constants

Arithmetic Operators and Expressions

Integer and Floating-Point Division

Pitfall: Division and whole Number

Type Casting

Increment and Decrement Operators

Pitfall: Order of Evaluation

1.3 CONSOLE NPT/OUPU

output Using cout

New Lines in Output

Tip: End Each Program with \n or endl

Formaing for Numbers with a Decimal Point

Output with cerr

Input Using cin

Tip: Line Breaks in l/O

1.4 PROGRAM STYLE

Comments

1.5 LIBRARIES AND NAMESPACES

Libraries and include Directives

Namespaces

Pitfall: Problems with Libra Names

Chapter Summa

Answers to Self-Test Exercises

Programming Projects

Chapter 2 FLOW Of CONTROL

2.1 BOOLEAN EXPRESSION

Building Boolean Expressions

Pitfall: Strings of Inequalities

Evaluating Boolean Expressions

Precedence Rule

Pitfall: Integer Values Can Be Used as Boolean Values

2.2 BRANCHING MECHANISMS

if-else Statements

Compound Statements

Pitfall: Using in Place of - -

Omiing the else

Nested Statement

Multiway if-else Statement

The switch Statement

Pitfall: Forgeing a break in a switch Statement

Tip: Use switch Statements for Menu

Enumeration Types

The Conditional Operation

2.3 LOOPS

The while and do-while Statements

Increment and Deement Operators Revisited

The Comma Operator

The for Statement

Tip: Repeat-N-Times Loops

Pitfall: Extra Semicolon in a for Statement

Pitfall: infinite Loops

The break and continue Statement

Nested Loops

Chapter Summa

Answers to Self-Test Exercises

Programming Projects

Chapter 3 FUNCTION BASICS

3.1 PREDEFINED FUNCTIONS

Predefined Funions That Retu a Value

Predefined void Functions

A Random Number Generator

3.2 PROGRAMMER-DEFINED FUNCTIONS

Defining Functions That Return a Value

Alternate Form for Function Declarations

Pitfall: Arguments in the Wrong Order m

Pitfall: Use the Terms Parameterand Argument in

Functctions Calling Functions

Example: A Rounding Function

Functions That Return a Boolean Value

Defining void Functions

retuct Statements in void Funions

Preconditions and Postconditions

main is a Function

Recursive Functions

3.3 SCOPE RULES

Local Variables

Procedural Abstraion

Global Constants and Global Variables

Blocks

Nested Scopes

Tip: Use Funion Calls in Branching and Loop Statements

Variables Declared in a for Loop

Chapter Summary

Answers to Self-Test Exercises

Programming Projects

Chapter 4 PARAMETERS AND OVERLOADING

4.1 PARAMETERS

Call-by-Value Parameters

A Fit Look at Call-by-Reference Parameters

Call-by-Reference Mechanism in Detail

Constant Reference Parameters

Example: The swapValues Function

Tip: Think of Actions, Not Code

Mixed Parameter Lists

Tip: What Kind of Parameter to Use

Pitfall: Inadvertent Local Variables

Tip: Choosing Formal Parameter Names

Example: Buying Pizza

4.2 OVERLOADING AND DEFAULT ARGUMENTS

Introduction to overloading

Pitfall: Automatic Type Conversion and Overloading

Rules for Resolving overloading

Example: Revised Pizza-Buying Program

Default Arguments

4.3 TESTING AND DEBUGGING FUNCTIONS

The assert Mao

Stubs and Drivers

Chapter Summary

Answers to Self-Test Exercises

Programming Projects

Chapter5 ARRAYS

5.1 INTRODluCTION TO ARRAYS

Declaring and Referencing Arrays

Tip: Use for Loops with Aays

Pitfall: Aay Indexes Always Sta with Zero

Tip: Use a Defined Constant for the Size of an Aay

Aays in Memo

Pitfall: Aay Index Out of Range

Initializing Aays

5.2 ARRAYS IN FUNCTIONS

Indexed Variables as Funion Arguments

Entire Aays as Funion Arguments

TheconstParameter Modifier

Pitfall: Inconsistent Use of const Paramete

Functions That Retum an Array

Example: Production Graph

5.3 PROGRAONG WITH ARRAYS

Paially Filled Arrays

Tip: Do Not Skimp on Formal Paramete

Example: Searching an Array

Example: Soing an Array

5.4 MULTIDlAENSIONAL ARRAYS

Multidimensional Array Basics

Multidimensional Array Parameters

Example: Two-Dimensional Grading Program

Chapter Summa

Answers to Self-Test Exercises

Programming Projects

Chapter 6 STRUCTURES AND CLASSES

6.1 STRUCTURES

Structure Types

Pitfall: Forgeing a Semicolon in a Structure Definition

Structures as Function Arguments

Tip: Use Hierarchical Structures

Initializing Structures

6.2 CLASSES

Defining Classes and Member Functions

Encapsulation

Public and Private Members

Accessor and Mutator Functions

Tip: Separate Interface and implementation

Tip: A Test for Encapsulation

Structures versus Classes

Tip: Thinking Objects

Chapter Summary

Answers to Self-Test Exercises

Programming Projects

Chapter 7 CONSTRUCTORS AND OTHER TOOLS

7.1 CONSTRUCTORS

ConstructoTDefinitions

Pitfall: Constructors with No Arguments

Explicit Constructor Calls

Tip: Always Include a Default Constructor

Example: BonkAccount Class

Class Type Member Variables

7.2 MORE TOOLS

The const Parameter Modifier

Pitfall: Inconsistent Use of const

Inline Functions

Static Members

Nested and Local Class Definitions

7.3 VECTORS—A PREVIEWS OF THE STANDARD TEMPLATE LIBRARY

Vector Basics

Pitfall: Using Square Brackets beyond the Vector Size

Tip: Vector Assignment Is Well Behaved

Efficiency Issues

Chapter Summa

Answers to Self-Test Exercises

Programming Projects

Chapter 8 OPERATOR OVERLOADING, FRIENDS, AND REFERENCES

8.1 BASIC OPERATOR OVERLOADING

Overloading Basics

Tip: A Constructor Can Return an Object

Returning by const Value

Tip: Retuing Member Variables of a Class Type

Overloading Una Operators

Overloading as Members Functions

Tip: A Class Has Access to All its objects

Overloading Function Application ( )

Pitfall: Overloading , ll, and the Comma Operator

8.2 FRIEND FUNCTIONS AND AUTOMATk TYPE CONVERSION

Constructors for Automatic Type Conversion

Pitfall: Member Operators and Automatic Type Conversion

Friend Functions

Pitfall: Compilers without Friends

Friend Classes

8.3 REFERENCES AND MORE OVERLOADED OPERATORS

References

Pitfall: Returning a Reference to Ceain Member Variables

Overloading and

Tip: What Mode of Retued Value to Use

The Assignment Operator

Overloading the Increment and Deement Operato

Overloading the Array operator

Overloading Based on L-Value veus R-value

Chapter Summa

Answers to self-Test Exercises

Programming Projects

Chapter 9 STRINGS

9.1 AN ARRAY TYPE FOR STRINGS

C-String Values and C-String Variables

Pitfall:Using and- with C-Strings

Other Functions in <cstring>

C-String Input and Output

9.2 CHARACTER MANIPULATION TOOLS

Character l/O

The Member Functions get and put

Example: Checking Input Using a Newfine Function

Pitfall: Unexpected \n in Input

The putback, peek, and ignore Member Functions

Character-Manipulating Functions

Pitfall: toupper and tolower Retu int Values

9.3 THE STANDARD CLASS string

Introduction to the Standard Class string

l/O with the Class string

Tip: More Versions of getline

Pitfall: Mixing cin variable； and getline

String Processing with the Class string

Example: Palindrome Testing

Converting between string Objes and C-Strings

Chapter Summa

Answers to Self-Test Exercises

Programming Projes

Chapter 10 POINTERS AND DYNAMIC ARRAYS

10.1 POINTERS

Pointer Variables

Basic Memo Management

Pitfall: Dangling Pointers

Dynamic Variables and Automatic Variables

Tip: Define Pointer Types

Pitfall: Pointers as Call-by-Value Parameters

Uses for Pointers

10.2 DYNAMIC ARRAYS

Array Variables and Pointer Variables

Creating and Using Dynamic Aays

Example: A Function That Retus an Aay

Pointer Arithmetic

Multidimensional Dynamic Aays

10.3 CLASSES POINTERS AND DYNAC ARRAYS

The -> Operator

The this Pointer

Overloading the Assignment Operator

Example: A Class for Paially Filled Aays

Destructors

Copy Constructors

Chapter Summary

Answers to Self-Test Exercises

Programming Projects

Chapter 11 SEPARATE COMPILATION AND NAMESPACES

11.1SEPARATE COMPILATION

Encapsulation Reviewed

Header Files and Implementation Files

Example: DigitalTime Class

Tip: Reusable Components

Using #ifndef

Tip: Defining Other Libraries

11.2 NAMESPACES

Namespaces and using Directives

Creating a Namespace

Using Declarations

Qualifying Names

Tip: Choosing a Name for a Namespace

Example: A Class Definition in a Namespace

Unnamed Namespaces

Pitfall: Confusing the Global Namespace and the Unnamed Namespace

Tip: Unnamed Namespaces Replace the static Qualifer

Tip: Hiding Helping Functions

Nested Namespaces

Tip: What Namespace Specification Should You Use?

Chapter Summa

Answers to Self-Test Exercises

Programming Projects

Chapter 12 STREAMS AND FILE l/O

12.1 l/O STREAMS

File l/O

Pitfall: Restrictions on Stream Variables

Appending to a File

Tip: Another Syntax for Opening a File

Tip: Check That a File Was Opened Successfully

Character l/O

Checking for the End of a File

12.2 TOOLS FOR STREAM l/O

File Names as Input

Formaing output with Stream Functions

Manipulators

Saving Flag Seings

More Output Stream Member Functions

Example: Cleaning Up a File Format

Example: Editing a Text File

12.3 STREAM HIERARCHIES: A PREVIEW OF INHERITANCE

Inheritance among Stream Classes

Example: Another newline Function

12.4 RANDOM ACCESS TO FILES

Chapter Summa

Answe to Self-Test Exercises

Programming Projects

Chapter 13 RECURSION

13.1 RECURSIVE void FUNCTIONS

Example: Vertical Numbers

Tracing a Recursive Call

A Closer look at Recuion

Pitfall: Infinite Recursion

Stacks for Recuion

Pitfall: Stack overflow

Recursion versus iteration

13.2 RECURSIVE FUNCTIONS THAT RETURN A VALUE

General Form for a Recursive Function That Retus a Value

Example: Another Powers Function

13.3 THINKING RECURSIVELY

Recursive Design Techniques

Bina Search

Chapter Summa

Answe to Self-Test Exercises

Programming Projects

Chapter 14 INHERITANCE

14.1 INHERITANCE BASICSDerived Classes

Constructo in Derived Classes

Pitfall: Use of Private Member Variables from the Base Class

Pitfall: Private Member Functions Are Effectively Not Inherited

The protected Qualifier

Redefinition of Member Functions

Redefining veus Overloading

Access to a Redefined Base Function

Functions That Are Not Inherited

14.2 PROGRAMANING WITH INHERITANCE

Assignment Operato and Copy Constructors in Derived Classes

Destructors in Derived Classes

Example: Paially Filled Array with Backup

Pitfall: Same Object on Both Sides of the Assignment Operator

Example: Alteate Implementation of PFArrayDBak

Tip: A Class Has Access to Private Membe of All Objects of the Class

Tip: “Is a” versus “Has a”

Protected and Private Inheritance

Multiple Inheritance

Chapter Summa

Answe to Self-Test Exercises

Programming Projects

Chapter15 POLYMORPHISM AND VIRTUAL FUNCTIONS

15.1 VIRTUAL FUNCTION BASICS

LAte Binding

Virtual Functions in C+++

Tip: The Virtual Property Is Inherited

Tip: When to Use a Virtual Function

Pitfall: Omiing the Definition of a Virtual Member Function

Abstract Classes and Pure Viual functions

Example: An Abstract Class

15.2 POINTERS AND VIRTU FUNCTIONS

Virtual Functions and Extended Type Compatibility

Pitfall: The Slicing Problem

Tip: Make Destructo Viual

Downcasting and Upcasting

How C++ Implements Viual Functions

Chapter Summa

Answe to Self-Test Exeises

Programming Projects

Chapter 16 TEMPLATES

16.1 FUNCTION TEMPLATES

Syntax for Function Templates

Pitfall: Compiler Complitions

Tip: How to Define Templates

Example: A Generic Soing Funion

Pitfall: Using a Template with an Inappropriate Type

16.2 CLASS TEMPLATES

Syntax for Class Templates

Example: An Aay Template Class

The vector and basic-string Templates

16.3 TEMPALTES AND INHERITANCE

Example: Template Class for a Partially Filled Array with Backup

Chapter Summary

Answers to Self-Test Exercises

Programming Projects

Chapter 17 LINKED DATA STRUCTURES

17.1 NODES AND LINKED LISTS

Nodes

Linked Lists

Inserting a Node at the Head of a List

Pitfall: Losing Nodes

Inseing and Removing Nodes Inside a List

Pitfall: Using the Assignment Operator with Dynamic Data Structures

Searching a Linked List

Example: A Generic Soing Template Version of Linked List Tools

17.2 LINKED LIST APPLICATIONS

Example: A Stack Template Class

Example: A Queue Template Class

Tip: A Comment on Namespaces

Friend Classes and Similar Alternatives

17.3 ITERATORS

Pointers as Iterators

Iterator Classes

Example: An Iterator Class

17.4 TREES

Tree Propeies

Example: A Tree Template Class

Chapter Summa

Answers to Self-Test Exercises

Programming Projects

Chapter18 EXCEPTION HANDLING

18.1 EXCEPTION HANDLING BASICS

A Toy Example of Exception Handling

Defining Your Own Exception Classes

Multiple Throws and Catches

Pitfall: Catch the More Specific Exception First

Tip: Exception Classes Can Be Trivial

Throwing an Exception in a Function

Exception Specification

Pitfall: Exception Specification in Derived Classes

18.2 PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES FOR EXCEPTION HANDLING

When to Throw an Exception

Pitfall: Uncaught Exceptions

Pitfall: Nested try-catch Blocks

Pitfall: overuse of Exceptions

Exception Class Hierarchies

Testing for Available Memo

Rethrowing an Exception

Chapter Summa

Answers to Self-Test Exercises

Programming Projects

Chapter19 STANDARD TEMPLATE LIBRARY

19.1 ITERATORS

Iterator Basi

Kinds of Iterators

Constant and Mutable Iterators

Revee Iterators

Pitfall: Compiler Problems

Other Kinds of Iterato

19.2 CONTAINERS

Sequential Containers

Pitfall: Iterato and Removing Elements

Tip: Type Definitions in Containers

The Container Adapters stack and queue

The Associative Containe set and nap

Efficiency

19.3 GENERc: ALGORITHMS

Running Times and Big-ONotation

Container Access Running Times

Nonmodifying Sequence Algorithms

Modifying Sequence Algorithms

Set Algorithms

Soing Algorithms

Chapter Summa

Answers to Self-Test Exercises

Programming Projects

Chapter 20 PATENS AND UML

20.1 PATTERNS

Adapter Patte

The Model-View-Controller Paern

Example: A Soing Pattern

Efficiency of the Soing Pattern

Tip: Pragmatics and Paes

Pattern Formalism

20.2 UML

Histo of UML

UML Class Diagrams

Class Interactions

Chapter Summa

Answe to Self-Test Exercises

Programming Projects

Appendix 1 C+++ Keywords

Appendix 2 Precedence of operators

Appendix 3 The ASCII Character Set

Appendix 4 Some Libra Functions

Arithmetic Funions

Input and Output Member functions

Charaer Functions

C-String Functions

string Class Functions

Random Number Generator

Trigonometric functions

Appendix5 Old and New Header Files

Further Reading

lndex