Chapter 1 Language and Linguistics

1.1 The Nature of Language

1.1.1 Language Is Systematic

1.1.2 Language Is Symbolic

1.1.3 Language Is Arbitrary

1.1.4 Language Is Primarily Vocal

1.1.5 Language Is Human Specific

1.1.6 Language Is Used for Communication

1.2 The Functions of Language

1.2.1 General Functions of Language

1.2.2 Metafunctions of Language

1.3 The Origin and Classification of Language

1.3.1 The Origin of Language

1.3.2 Language Families

1.4 What Is Linguistics?

1.4.1 Definition of Linguistics

1.4.2 Some Important Distinctions in Linguistics

1.5 The Scope of Linguistics

1.5.1 Use of Linguistics

1.5.2 Recent Developments

Chapter 2 Phonetics and Phonology

2.1 Production of Sounds

2.1.1 Scope of Phonetics

2.1.2 Articulation of Sounds

2.1.3 Characteristics of English Speech Sounds

2.1.4 The Transcription of Sounds

2.2 Phonemes

2.2.1 Definition of Phonemes

2.2.2 Minimal Pairs

2.2.3 Distinctive Features

2.3 Sound Patterns

2.3.1 Sequential Constraints

2.3.2 Complementary Distribution

2.4.1 Syllable

2.4 Suprasegmental Features

2.4.2 Stress

2.4.3 Pitch

2.4.4 Intonation and Tone

Chapter 3 Morphology and Lexicon

3.1 Word and Word Classes

3.1.1 Word

3.1.2 Word Classes

3.2.1 What Is a Morpheme?

3.2 Morpheme

3.2.2 Types of Morphemes

3.3 Inflection and Word-formation

3.3.1 Inflection

3.3.2 Word-formation

3.4 Lexicon

3.4.1 Lexeme

3.4.2 Features of Lexicon

4.1 Sentence Structure

Chapter 4 Syntax

4.1.1 Constituents

4.1.2 Sentence Types

4.2 Syntactic Function and Category

4.2.1 Syntactic Function

4.2.2 Category

4.3 Transformational Rules

4.3.1 Deep Structure and Surface Structure

4.3.2 Sentence Transformations

Chapter 5 Semantics

5.1 Approaches to Meaning

5.1.1 Meaning

5.1.2 Three Approaches to Meaning

5.2 Semantic Field and Semantic Relations

5.2.1 Semantic Field

5.2.2 Synonymy and Antonymy

5.2.3 Meronymy and Hyponymy

5.2.4 Polysemy and Homonymy

5.2.5 Intersentential Semantic Relations

5.3 Semantic Analysis

5.3.1 Componential Analysis

5.3.2 Predication Analysis

5.3.3 Tautology and Metaphor

Chapter 6 Pragmatics and Text Analysis

6.1 Speech Act Theory

6.1.1 Speech Act

6.1.2 Indirect Speech Act

6.2 The Cooperative Principle and the Politeness Principle

6.2.1 The Cooperative Principle

6.2.2 The Politeness Principle

6.3 Presupposition and the Structure of Spoken Text

6.3.1 Presupposition

6.3.2 Exchange and Adjacency Pair

6.4 Cohesion

6.4.1 Reference

6.4.2 Substitution and Ellipsis

6.4.3 Conjunction

6.4.4 Lexical Cohesion

6.5 Thematic Structure and Information Unit

6.5.1 Theme and Rheme

6.5.2 Given and New

7.1 Language Varieties

Chapter 7 Language and Social Culture

7.1.1 Dialect

7.1.2 Register

7.1.3 Ethnic Varieties

7.2 Language and Culture

7.2.1 The Relationship Between Language and Culture

7.2.2 The Study of Language and Culture

7.3 Language Change

7.3.1 Causes of Language Change

7.3.2 Lexical Change

7.3.3 Sound Change

7.3.4 Syntactical Change

7.4 Language Planning

7.4.1 Standard Language

7.4.2 National Language and Official Language

Chapter 8 Language Acquisition and Thought

8.1 First Language Acquisition

8.1.1 Difference Between Acquisition and Foreign Language Learning

8.1.2 Development of First Language Acquisition

8.2 Second Language Acquisition

8.2.1 Major Features of Second Language Acquisition

8.2.2 Internal and External Factors

8.3 Language and Thought

8.3.1 The Relationship Between Language and Thought

8.3.2 Psychological Realities

9.1.1 An Overview of Language Teaching

9.1 Approaches to Language Teaching

Chapter 9 Linguistics and Language Teaching

9.1.2 The Relation of Linguistics to Language Teaching

9.2 Syllabus Design

9.2.1 Grammatical Syllabus

9.2.2 Situational Syllabus

9.2.3 Communicative Syllabus

9.3 Language Testing

9.3.1 An Overview of Language Testing

9.3.2 Basic Considerations

9.3.3 Types of Language Tests

9.3.4 Language Test Development

9.4 Error Analysis

9.4.1 Some Basic Concepts

9.4.2 Methods of Error Analysis

Further Readings

References

Glossary