1 Historical Development of Modern Steelmaking

1.1 Bottom-Blown Acid or Bessemer Process

1.2 Basic Bessemer or Thomas Process

1.3 Open Hearth Process

1.4 Oxygen Steelmaking

1.5 Electric Furnace Steelmaking

Exercises

2 Fundamentals of Iron and Steelmaking

2.1 Fundamentals of Steelmaking Reactions

2.1.1 Slag-Metal Equilibrium in Steelmaking

2.1.2 State of Reactions in Steelmaking

2.2 Fundamentals of Reactions in Electric Furnace Steelmaking

2.2.1 Slag Chemistry and the Carbon,Manganese.Sulfur and Phosphorus Reactions in the EAF

2.2.2 Control of Residuals in EAF Steelmaking

2.2.3 Nitrogen Control in EAF Steelmaking

2.3 Fundamentals of Stainless Steel Production

2.3.1 Decarburization of Stainless Steel

2.3.2 Nitrogen Control in the AOD

2.3.3 Reduction of Cr from Slag

2.4 Fundamentals of Ladle Metallurgical Reactions

2.4.1 Deoxidation Equilibrium and Kinetics

2.4.2 Ladle Desulfurization

2.4.3 Calcium Treatment of Steel

2.5 Fundamentals of Degassing

2.5.1 Fundamental Thermodynamics

2.5.2 Vacuum Degassing Kinetics

Exercises

3 Pre-treatment of Hot Metal

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Desiliconization and Dephosphorization Technologies

3.3 Desulfurization Technology

3.3.1 Introduction

3.3.2 Process Chemistry

3.3.3 Transport Systems

3.3.4 Process Venue

3.3.5 Slag Management

3.3.6 Lance Systems

3.3.7 Cycle Time

3.3.8 Hot Metal Sampling and Analysis

3.3.9 Reagent Consumption

3.3.10 Economics

3.3.11 Process Control

3.4 Hot Metal Thermal Adjustment

Exercises

4 Oxygen Steelmaking Processes

4.1 Introduction

4.1.1 Process Description and Events

4.1.2 Types of Oxygen Steelmaking Processes

4.1.3 Environmental Issues

4.2 Sequence of Operations—Top Blown

4.2.1 Plant Layout

4.2.2 Sequence of Operations

4.2.3 Shop Manning

4.3 Raw Materials

4.3.1 Introduction

4.3.2 Hot Metal

4.3.3 Scrap

4.3.4 High Metallic Alternative Feeds

4.3.5 Oxide Additions

4.3.6 Fluxes

4.3.7 Oxygen

4.4 Process Reactions and Energy Balance

4.4.1 Reactions in BOF Steelmaking

4.4.2 Slag Formation in BOF Steelmaking

4.4.3 Mass and Energy Balances

4.4.4 Tapping Practices and Ladle Additions

4.5 Process Variations

4.5.1 The Bottom-Blown Oxygen Steelmaking or OBM（Q-BOP）Process

4.5.2 Mixed-Blowing Processes

4.5.3 Oxygen Steelmaking Practice Variations

4.6 Process Control Strategies

4.6.1 Introduction

4.6.2 Static Models

4.6.3 Statistical and Neural Network Models

4.6.4 Dynamic Control Schemes

4.6.5 Lance Height Control

4.7 Environmental Issues

4.7.1 Basic Concerns

4.7.2 Sources of Air Pollution

4.7.3 Relative Amounts of Fumes Generated

4.7.4 Other Pollution Sources

4.7.5 Summary

Exercises

5 Electric Furnace Steelmaking

5.1 Electric Furnace Technology

5.1.1 Oxygen Use in the EAF

5.1.2 Oxy-Fuel Burner Application in the EAF

5.1.3 Application of Oxygen Lancing in the EAF

5.1.4 Foamy Slag Practice

5.1.5 CO Post-Combustion

5.1.6 EAF Bottom Stirring

5.1.7 Furnace Electrics

5.1.8 High Voltage AC Operations

5.1.9 DC EAF Operations

5.1.10 Use of Alternative Iron Sources in the EAF

5.1.11 Conclusions

5.2 Raw Materials

5.3 Fluxes and Additives

5.4 Furnace Operations

5.4.1 EAF Operating Cycle

5.4.2 Furnace Charging

5.4.3 Melting

5.4.4 Refining

5.4.5 Deslagging

5.4.6 Tapping

5.4.7 Furnace Turnaround

5.4.8 Furnace Heat Balance

5.5 New Scrap Melting Processes

5.5.1 Scrap Preheating

5.5.2 Preheating with Offgas

5.5.3 Natural Gas Scrap Preheating

5.5.4 K-ES

5.5.5 Danarc Process

5.5.6 Fuchs Shaft Furnace

5.5.7 Consteel Process

5.5.8 Twin Shell Electric Arc Furnace

5.5.9 Processes under Development

Exercises

References