INTRODUCTION THE IDEA OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION

CHAPTER 1 THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS

INTRODUCTION

BEFORE CIVILIZATION

The Dominance of Culture

Social Organization,Agriculture,and Religion

MESOPOTAMIA

The Ramparts of Uruk

Tools：Technology and Writing

Gods and Mortals in Mesopotamia

Hammurabi and the Old Babylonian Empire

THE GIFT OF THE NILE

Tending the Cattle of God

Democratization of the Afterlife

BETWEEN TWO WORLDS

The Hebrew Alternative

A King Like All the Nations

Exile

NINEVEH AND BABYLON

The Assyrian Empire

The New Babylonian Empire

CONCLUSION

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

CHAPTER 2 GREEK PERIOD

INTRODUCTION

GREECE IN THE BRONZE AGE TO 700 B.C.E.

Islands of Peace

Mainland of War

The Dark Age

ARCHAIC GREECE,700-500 B.C.E.

Ethnos and Polis

Technology of Writing

Gods and Mortals

Myth and Reason

Art and the Individual

Democratic Athens

CLASSICAL AND HELLENISTIC GREECE,500-100 B.C.E.

ALEXANDER AT ISSUS

ATHENIAN CULTURE IN THE HELLENIC AGE

The Examined Life

Understanding the Past

Athenian Drama

Philosophy and the Polis

The Rise of Macedon

The Empire of Alexander the Great

Binding Together an Empire

THE HELLENISTIC WORLD

Urban Life and Culture

Alexandria

Architecture and Art

Hellenistic Philosophy

Mathematics and Science

CONCLUSION

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

CHAPTER 3 THE ROMAN PERIOD

INTRODUCTION

THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN TO 509 B.C.E.

Carthage：The Merchants of Baal

Italy's First Civilization

FROM CITY TO EMPIRE,509-146 B.C.E.

Latin Rome

Etruscan Rome

Rome and Italy

REPUBLICAN CIVILIZATION

Farmers and Soldiers

Roman Religion

Republican Letters

THE CRISIS OF ROMAN VIRTUE

IMPERIAL ROME,146 B.C.E.-192 C.E.

THE ALTAR OF AUGUSTAN PEACE

THE PRICE OF EMPIRE,146-121 B.C.E.

Winners and Losers

THE END OF THE REPUBLIC

THE AUGUSTAN AGE AND THE PAX ROMANA

RELIGIONS FROM THE EAST

The Origins of Christianity

CONCLUSION

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

CHAPTER 4 THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE CLASSICAL WORLD,192-500

INTRODUCTION

THE CRISIS OF THE THIRD CENTURY

Enrich the Army and Scorn the Rest

An Empire on the Defensive

The Barbarian Menace

THE EMPIRE RESTORED

Diocletian,the God-Emperor

Constantine,the Emperor of God

The Triumph of Christianity

IMPERLAL CHRISTIANITY

Divinity,Humanity,and Salvation

The Call of the Desert

Monastic Communities

The Barbarization of the West

The New Barbarian Kingdoms

The Hellenization of the East

CONCLUSION

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

CHAPTER 5 THE CLASSICAL LEGACY IN THE EAST：BYZANTIUM AND ISLAM

INTRODUCTION

THE BYZANTINES

Justinian and the Creation of the Byzantine State

THE RISE OF ISLAM

Arabia Before the Prophet

The Triumph of Islam

The Spread of Islam

Authority and Government in Islam

Islamic Civilization

THE BYZANTINE APOGEE AND DECLINE,1000-1453

The Disintegration of the Empire

The Conquests of Constantinople and Baghdad

CONCLUSION

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

CHAPTER 6 THE WEST IN THE MIDDLE AGES

INTRODUCTION

THE MAKING OF THE BARBARIAN KINGDOMS,500-750

Italy：From Ostrogoths to Lombards

Visigothic Spain：Intolerance and Destruction

The Anglo-Saxons：From Pagan Conquerors to Christian Missionaries

The Franks：An Enduring Legacy

Creating the European Aristocracy

THE CAROLINGIAN ACHIEVEMENT

The Carolingian Renaissance

AFTER THE CAROLINGIANS：FROM EMPIRE TO LORDSHIPS

Disintegration of the Empire

THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES

The Church：Saints and Monks

Crusaders：Soldiers of God

The Idea of the Crusade

Scholasticism and Urban Intellectual Life

THE INVENTION OF THE STATE

The Universal States：Empire and Papacy

The Nation-States：France and England

THE SPIRIT OF THE LATER MIDDLE AGES

The Crisis of the Papacy

Discerning the Spirit of God

Heresy and Revolt

Religious Persecution in Spain

Vernacular Literature and the Individual

CONCLUSION

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

CHAPTER 7 THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

INTRODUCTION

RENAISSANCE SOCIETY

Cities and Countryside

Production and Consumption

RENAISSANCE ART

An Architect,a Sculptor,and a Painter

Renaissance Style

Michelangelo

RENAISSANCE IDEALS

Humanists and the Liberal Arts

Renaissance Science

Machiavelli and Politics

THE POLITICS OF THE ITALIAN CITY-STATES

Venice：A Seaborne Empire

Florence：Spinning Cloth into Gold

The End of Italian Hegemony,1450-1527

CONCLUSION

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

CHAPTER 8 THE REFORM OF RELIGION

INTRODUCTION

THE INTELLECTUAL REFORMATION

The Print Revolution

Christian Humanism

The Humanist Movement

The Wit of Erasmus

THE LUTHERAN REFORMATION

The Spark of Reform

The Sale of Indulgences

Martin Luther Challenges the Church

Martin Luther's Faith

From Luther to Lutheranism

The Spread of Lutheranism

THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

Geneva and Calvin

The English Reformation

The Reformation of the Radicals

THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION

The Spiritual Revival

Loyola's Pilgrimage

The Counter-Reformation

The Empire Reacts

CONCLUSION

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

CHAPTER 9 THE PERIOD OF MODERN EUROPE

INTRODUCTION

ECONOMIC LIFE

Rural Life

Town Life

Economic Change

SOCIAL LIFE

Social Constructs

Social Structure

Social Change

THE ROYAL STATE IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

THE RISE OF THE ROYAL STATE

Divine Kings

THE CRISES OF THE ROYAL STATE

The English Civil War

The English Revolutions

THE ZENITH OF THE ROYAL STATE

The Nature of Absolute Monarchy

SCIENCE AND COMMERCE IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE

The New Science

Heavenly Revolutions

Science Enthroned

The Marketplace of the World

The Colonial Wars

CONCLUSION

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

CHAPTER 10 THE ENLIGHTENMENT,FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEONIC ERA

INTRODUCTION

THE ENLIGHTENMENT

The Spirit of the Enlightenment

The Impact of the Enlightenment

EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY SOCIETY

The Bourgeoisie

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE FALL OF THE MONARCHY

Declaring Political Rights

The Trials of Constitutional Monarchy

EXPERIMENTING WITH DEMOCRACY,1792-1799

The Revolution of the People

The End of the Revolution

THE REIGN OF NAPOLEON,1799-1815

Bonaparte Seizes Power

Decline and Fall

CONCLUSION

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

CHAPTER 11 EUROPE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

INTRODUCTION

THE TRADITIONAL ECONOMY

The Agricultural Revolution

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN

Britain First

Cotton Is King

The Wages of Progress

THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE CONTINENT

THE BIRTH OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE

BUILDING NATIONS：THE POLITICS OF UNIFICATION

The Crimean War

The United States：Civil War and Reunification

Nationalism and Force

REFORMING EUROPEAN SOCIETY

The Second Empire in France,1852-1870

The Victorian Compromise

CHANGING VALUES AND THE FORCE OF NEW IDEAS

Realism in the Arts

Charles Darwin and the New Science

Karl Marx and the Science of Society

CONCLUSION

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

CHAPTER 12 EUROPEAND THE WORLD,1870-1914

INTRODUCTION

EUROPEAN ECONOMY AND THE POLITICS OF MASS SOCIETY

Regulating Boom and Bust

Challenging Liberal England

OUTSIDERS IN MASS POLITICS

The Jewish Question and Zionism

THE WEST AND THE WIDER WORLD

African Art and European Artists

Art and the New Age

THE POLITICS OF MAPMAKING

THE EUROPEAN BALANCE OF POWER,1870-1914

Upsetting the European Balance of Power

THE NEW IMPERIALISM

Motives for Empire

THE SEARCH FOR TERRITORY AND MARKETS

The Scramble for Africa：Diplomacy and Conflict

Imperialism in Asia

The Imperialism of the United States

RESULTS OF AEUROPEAN-DOMINATED WORLD

A World Economy

Race and Culture

CONCLUSION

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

CHAPTER 13 WARAND REVOLUTION,1914-1920

INTRODUCTION

THE WAR EUROPE EXPECTED

Separating Friends from Foes

A NEW KIND OF WARFARE

Technology and the Trenches

The German Offensive

War on the Eastern Front

War on the Western Front

War on the Periphery

ADJUSTING TO THE UNEXPECTED：TOTAL WAR

THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION AND ALLIED VICTORY

Revolution in Russia

SETTLING THE PEACE

Wilson's Fourteen Points

Treaties and Territories

CONCLUSION

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

DI SCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

CHAPTER 14 THE SECOND WORLD WAR

INTRODUCTION

EURROPE AFTER 1918

CRISIS AND COLLAPSE IN A WORLD ECONOMY

International Loans and Trade Barriers

The Great Depression

Stalin's Rise to Power

THE RISE OF FASCIST DICTATORSHIP IN ITALY

Mussolini's Italy

Mussolini's Plans for Empire

HITLER AND THE THIRD REICH

Hitler's Rise to Power

Propaganda,Racism,and Culture

DEMOCRACIES IN CRISIS

AGGRESSION AND CONQUEST

Hitler's Foreign Policy and Appeasement

The Destruction of Europe's Jews

ALLIED VICTORY

The Soviet Union's Great Patriotic War

The United States Enters the War

Winning the War in Europe

Winning the War in the Pacific

CONCLUSION

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

CHAPTER 15 THE COLD WAR AND POST-COLD WARPERIOD,1945 TO THE PRESENT

INTRODUCTION

THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR

The World in Two Blocs

Decolonization and the Cold War

THE WELFARE STATE AND SOCIAL TRANSFOR-MATION

THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND THE EMERGENCE OF A NEW EUROPE

THE WEST IN THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY

European Union and the American Superpower

Terrorism：The“New Kind of War”

CONCLUSION

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

GLOSSARY