PART ⅠHUMANS AND SUSTAINABILITY：AN OVERVIEW

1 Environmental Problems，Their Causes，and Sustainability

Living in an Exponential Age

1-1 Living More Sustainably

Spotlight：Cast of Players in the Environmental Drama

Guest Essay：Natural Capital by Paul G.Hawken

1-2 Population Growth，Economic Growth，Environmentally Sustainable Development，and Globalization

Spotlight：Current Exponential Growth of the Human Population

Connections：Some Harmful Environmental Effects of Poverty

1-3 Resources

Connections：Free-Access Resources and the Tragedyof the Commons

Connections：Lessons from China

1-4 Pollution

1-5 Environmental Problems：Causes and Connections

1-6 Is Our Present Course Sustainable？

Solutions：Some Guidelines for Working with the Earth

2 Environmental History：An Overview

Near Extinction o f the AmericanBison

2-1 Cultural Changes and the Environment

Connections：Consequences of the Agricultural Revolution

Connections：Consequences of Advanced Industrial Societies

2-2 Environmental History of the United States：The Tribal and Frontier Eras

2-3 Environmental History of the United States：The Early Conservation Era（1832-1960）

Individuals Matter：Alice Hamilton

Spotlight：How Should Public Land Resources Be Used？Preservationists vs.Conservationists

2-4 Environmental History of the United States：The Environmental Era（1960-2002）

Individuals Matter：Rachel Carson

2-5 Case Study：Aldo Leopold and His Land Ethic

PART ⅡSCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS

3 Science，Systems，Matter，and Energy

Two Islands：Can We Treat This One Better？

3-1 Science and Critical Thinking

Guest Essay：Critical Thinking and Environmental Studies by Jane Heinze-Fry

Connections：What Is Harming the Robins？

3-2 Models and Behavior of Systems

3-3 Matter：Forms，Structure，and Quality

3-4 Energy：Forms and Quality

3-5 Physical and Chemical Changes and the Law of Conservation of Matter

Spotlight：Keeping Track of Atoms

3-6 Nuclear Changes

3-7 Two Laws Governing Energy Changes

3-8 Connections：Matter and Energy Change Laws and Environmental Problems

4 Ecosystems：Components，Energy Flow，and Matter Cycling

Have You Thanked the Insects Today？

4-1 The Nature of Ecology

Connections：Microbes：The Invisible Rulers of the Earth

4-2 The Earth’s Life-Support Systems

4-3 Ecosystem Concepts and Components

4-4 Connections：Food Webs and Energy Flow in Ecosystems

4-5 Primary Productivity of Ecosystems

4-6 Connections：Matter Cycling in Ecosystems

Case Study：Effects of Deforestation on Nutrient Cycling

4-7 How Do Ecologists Learn About Ecosystems？

4-8 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability

5 Evolution and Biodiversity：Origins，Niches，and Adaptation

Earth：The Just-Right，Resilient Planet

5-1 Origins of Life

Spotlight：How Did Life First Evolve？

5-2 Evolution and Adaptation

Spotlight：What Is Artificial Selection？

5-3 Ecological Niches and Adaptation

Spotlight：Cockroaches：Nature’s Ultimate Survivors

5-4 Speciation，Extinction，and Biodiversity

Guest Essay：The Future of Evolution by Norman Myers

6 Biogeography：Weather，Climate，Biomes，and Terrestrial Biodiversity

Connections：Blowing in the Wind

6-1 Weather：A Brief Introduction

6-2 Climate：A Brief Introduction

6-3 Biomes：Climate and Life on Land

6-4 Desert Biomes

6-5 Grassland，Tundra，and Chaparral Biomes

6-6 Forest Biomes

6-7 Mountain Biomes

6-8 Lessons from Geographic Ecology

7 Aquatic Ecology：Biodiversity in Aquatic Systems

Why Should We Care About Coral Reefs？

7-1 Aquatic Environments：Types，Components，and Limiting Factors

Spotlight：Biofiltration

7-2 Saltwater Life Zones

Connections：Coral Partners May Enhance Reef Survival

7-3 Freshwater Life Zones

7-4 Sustainability of Aquatic Life Zones

8 Community Ecology：Structure，Species Interactions，Succession，and Sustainability

Flying Foxes：Keystone Species in Tropical Forests

8-1 Community Structure：Appearance and Species Diversity

8-2 General Types of Species

Connections：Why Are Amphibians Vanishing？

Connections：Why Should We Care About Alligators？

8-3 Species Interactions：Competition and Predation

Case Study：Why Are Sharks Important Species？

8-4 Symbiotic Species Interactions：Parasitism，Mutualism，and Commensalism

8-5 Ecological Succession：Communities in Transition

8-6 Ecological Stability and Sustainability

9 Population Dynamics，Carrying Capacity，and Conservation Biology

Sea Otters：Are They Back from the Brink of Extinction？

9-1 Population Dynamics and Carrying Capacity

9-2 The Role of Predation in Controlling Population Size

Case Study：Wolf and Moose Interactions on Isle Royale

9-3 Reproductive Patterns and Survival

9-4 Conservation Biology：Sustaining Wildlife Populations

9-5 Human Impacts on Ecosystems：Learning from Nature

Connections：Ecological Surprises

Solutions：Principles of Sustainability：Learning from Nature

10 Geology：Processes，Hazards，and Soils

The Mount St.Helens Eruption

10-1 Geologic Processes

10-2 Internal and External Earth Processes

10-3 Minerals，Rocks，and the Rock Cycle

10-4 Natural Hazards：Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions

10-5 Soil Resources：Formation and Types

10-6 Soil Erosion and Degradation

10-7 Solutions：Soil Conservation

Case Study：Slowing Soil Erosion in the United States

11 Risk，Toxicology，and Human Health

The Big Killer

11-1 Risk，Probability，and Hazards

11-2 Toxicology

11-3 Chemical Hazards

Connecalons：Are Hormonally Active Chemicals a Health Threat？

11-4 Biological Hazards：Disease in Developed and Developing Countries

Spotlight：Are We Losing Ground in Our War Against Infectious Bacteria？

Case Study：The Global Tuberculosis Epidemic

Solutions：Producing an Edible Hepatitis B Vaccine

Solutions：Improving Health Care in Developing Countries

11-5 Risk Analysis

PART ⅢPOPULATION，RESOURCES，AND SUSTAINABILITY

12 The Human Population：Growth，Demography，and Carrying Capacity

Slowing Population Growth in Thailand

12-1 Factors Affecting Human Population Size

12-2 Population Age Structure

12-3 Solutions：Influencing Population Size

Case Study：Immigration in the United States

Guest Essay：Moral Implications of Cultural Carrying Capacity by Garrett Hardin

12-4 Case Studies：Slowing Population Growth in India and China

12-5 Cutting Global Population Growth

13 Food Resources

Perennial Crops on the Kansas Prairie

13-1 How Is Food Produced？

13-2 Producing Food by Green-Revolution and Traditional Techniques

13-3 Food Production，Nutrition，and Environmental Effects

Solutions：Saving Children

Case Study：Can China’s Population Be Fed？

13-4 Increasing World Crop Production

Spotlight：Shrinking the World’s Genetic Plant Library

13-5 Producing More Meat

Connections：Some Environmental Consequences of Meat Production

Spotlight：Endangered Riparian Zones

13-6 Catching and Raising More Fish

Connections：Commercial Fishing and the Tragedy of the Commons

13-7 Government Agricultural Policy

13-8 Solutions：Sustainable Agriculture

14 Water Resources

Water and Grain Import Wars in the Middle East

14-1 Water’s Importance and Unique Properties

14-2 Supply，Renewal，and Use of Water Resources

14-3 Too Little Water

14-4 Using Dams and Reservoirs to Supply More Water

Case Study：Egypt’s Aswan High Dam：Blessing or Disaster？

Case Study：The Colorado River Basin

14-5 Transferring Water from One Place to Another

Case Study：The Aral Sea Water Transfer Disaster

14-6 Tapping Groundwater，Converting Salt Water to Fresh Water，Seeding Clouds，and Towing Icebergs

Case Study：Mining Groundwater：The Shrinking Ogallala Aquifer

14-7 Using Water More Efficiently

Spotlight：Water Rights in the United States

Solutions：The Promise of Drip Irrigation

Spotlight：Running Short of Water in Las Vegas，Nevada

14-8 Too Much Water

Connections：Living Dangerously on Floodplains in Bangladesh

14-9 Solutions：Achieving a More Sustainable Water Future

15 Geologic Resources：Nonrenewable Mineral and Energy Resources

Bitter Lessons from Chernobyl

15-1 Nature and Formation of Mineral Resources

15-2 Finding and Removing Nonrenewable Mineral Resources

15-3 Environmental Effects of Extracting，Processing，and Using Mineral Resources

Case Study：Some Environmental Effects of Gold Mining

Pro/Con：Controversy Over the General Mining Law of 1872

15-4 Supplies of Mineral Resources

Solutions：Mining with Microbes

15-5 Evaluating Energy Resources

15-6 Oil

Spotlight：A Brief History of Oil

Pro/Con：Should Oil and Gas Development Be Allowed in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge？

15-7 Natural Gas

15-8 Coal

15-9 Nuclear Energy

Case Study：How Safe Are Radioactive Wastes Stored at Nuclear Power Plants？

Case Study：Underground Storage of High-Level Radioactive Wastes in the United States

16 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

The Coming Energy-Efficiency and Renewable-Energy Revolution

16-1 The Importance of Improving Energy Efficiency

Guest Essay：Technology Is the Answer（But What Was the Question？） by Amory B.Lovins

16-2 Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency

Connections：The Real Cost of Gasoline in the United States

Guest Essay：Living Lightly on the Earth at Round Mountain Organics by Nancy Wicks

Connections：Using the Internet to Save Energy and Paper and Reduce Global Warming

16-3 Using Solar Energy to Provide Heat and Electricity

16-4 Producing Electricity from Moving Water and from Heat Stored in Water

16-5 Producing Electricity from Wind

16-6 Producing Energy from Biomass

16-7 The Solar-Hydrogen Revolution

Spotlight：Producing Hydrogen from Green Algae Found in Pond Scum

16-8 Geothermal Energy

16-9 Entering the Age of Decentralized Micropower

16-10 Solutions：A Sustainable Energy Strategy

PART Ⅳ ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND POLLUTION

17 Air and Air Pollution

When Is a Lichen Like a Canary？

17-1 The Atmosphere

17-2 Outdoor Air Pollution

Spotlight：Air Pollution in the Past：The Bad Old Days

17-3 Photochemical and Industrial Smog

17-4 Regional Outdoor Air Pollution from Acid Deposition

17-5 Indoor Air Pollution

17-6 Effects of Air Pollution on Living Organisms and Materials

Spotlight：Health Dangers from Fine Particles

17-7 Solutions：Preventing and Reducing Air Pollution

18 Climate Change and Ozone Loss

A.D.2060：Green Times on Planet Earth

18-1 Past Climate Change and the Natural Greenhouse Effect

18-2 Climate Change and Human Activities

18-3 Projecting Future Changes in the Earth’s Climate

Spotlight：How Do Climate Models Work？

18-4 Factors Affecting Changes in the Earth’s Average Temperature

18-5 Some Possible Effects of a Warmer World

Connections：Global Warming，Kirtland’s Warblers，and Adelie Penguins

18-6 Solutions：Dealing with the Threat of Climate Change

Solutions：Energy Efficiency to the Rescue

Solutions：Organic Farming and No-Till Cultivation to the Rescue

18-7 What Is Being Done to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions？

18-8 Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere

Connections：The Cancer You Are Most Likely to Get

18-9 Solutions：Protecting the Ozone Layer

Individuals Matter：Ray Turner and His Refrigerator

19 Water Pollution

Learning Nature’s Ways to Purify Sewage

19-1 Types，Effects，and Sources of Water Pollution

Case Study：Hurricanes，Hog Farms，and Water Pollution in Eastern North Carolina

19-2 Pollution of Freshwater Streams

Individuals Matter：Tracking Down the Pfiesteria Cell from Hell

19-3 Pollution of Freshwater Lakes

19-4 Groundwater Pollution and Its Prevention

Spotlight：How Much Arsenic Should We Allow in Drinking Water？

19-5 Ocean Pollution

Case Study：The Baltic Sea

Solutions：Bring Back the Oysters

19-6 Solutions：Preventing and Reducing Surface Water Pollution

Solutions：Using Wetlands to Treat Sewage

19-7 Drinking Water Quality

Individuals Matter：Using UV Light，Horseradish，and Slimes to Purify Water

20 Pesticides and Pest Control

Along Came a Spider

20-1 Pesticides：Types and Uses

20-2 The Case for Pesticides

20-3 The Case Against Pesticides

Spotlight：How Effective Have Pesticides Been in Reducing Crop Losses？

20-4 Pesticide Regulation in the United States

Connections：What Goes Around Can Come Around

20-5 Other Ways to Control Pests

21 Solid and Hazardous Waste

There Is No “Away”：Love Canal

21-1 Wasting Resources

Case Study：Mining and Smelting Waste in Montana

Case Study：A Black Day in Bhopal

21-2 Producing Less Waste and Pollution

Guest Essay：We Have Been Asking the Wrong Questions About Wastes by Lois Marie Gibbs

Solutions：Doing More with Less：Increasing Resource Productivity

21-3 Solutions：Cleaner Production and Selling Services Instead of Things

Individuals Matter：Ray Anderson

Guest Essay：Cleaner Production：A New Environmentalism for the 21st Century by Peter Montague

21-4 Reuse

Solutions：What Kind of Grocery Bags Should We Use？

21-5 Recycling

Solutions：Using Composting to Recycle Biodegradable Wastes

Case Study：Recycling，Reuse，and Waste Reduction in Germany

21-6 Case Studies：Recycling Wastepaper and Plastics

21-7 Detoxifying，Burning，Burying，and Exporting Wastes

Individuals Matter：Using Landfill Methane to Heat a School

21-8 Case Studies：Lead，Mercury，Chlorine，and Dioxins

21-9 Hazardous-Waste Regulation in the United States

Spotlight：Using Honeybees to Detect Toxic Pollutants

Solutions：How Can the Superfund Law Be Improved？

21-10 Solutions：Achieving a Low-Waste Society

PART ⅤSUSTAINING BIODIVERSITY AND CITIES

22 Sustaining Wild Species

The Passenger Pigeon：Gone Forever

22-1 Human Impacts on Biodiversity

22-2 Species Extinction

Case Study：Bats Are Getting a Bad Rap

22-3 Why Should We Care About Biodiversity？

Spotlight：What Is the Economic Value of the Earth’s Ecological Services？

Connections：Biophilia

22-4 Extinction Threats from Habitat Loss and Degradation

Case Study：The Plight of Migrating Birds

22-5 Extinction Threats from Nonnative Species

Connections：Deliberate Introduction of the Kudzu Vine

Case Study：The Termite from Hell

Individuals Matter：Killing Invader Species and Saving Shipping Companies Money

22-6 Extinction Threats from Hunting and Poaching

22-7 Other Extinction Threats

22-8 Protecting Wild Species from Depletion and Extinction：The Research and Legal Approach

Spotlight：Accomplishments of the Endangered Species Act

22-9 Protecting Wild Species from Depletion and Extinction：The Sanctuary Approach

22-10 Wildlife Management

Connections：What Should Be Done About Snow Geese？

23 Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity：The Ecosystem Approach

Who Is Afraid of the Big Gray Wolf？

23-1 Land Use in the World and the United States

Individuals Matter：The Eco-Rancher

23-2 Managing and Sustaining Forests

Solutions：Certifying Sustainably Grown Timber

23-3 Forest Resources and Management in the United States

23-4 Tropical Deforestation and the Fuelwood Crisis

Solutions：The Incredible Neem Tree

Connections：The Downward Spiral of Tropical Forest Degradation

Solutions：Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry Tropical Forests

Individuals Matter：Kenya’s Green Belt Movement

Individuals Matter：New Stoves Help Save India’s Forests and Improve Women’s Health

23-5 Managing and Sustaining National Parks

23-6 Establishing，Designing，and Managing Nature Reserves

Solutions：Parks in Costa Rica

Solutions：The Nature Conservancy

Solutions：Biosphere Reserves

Case Study：The U.S.National Wilderness Preservation System

23-7 Ecological Restoration

Individuals Matter：Ecological Restoration of a Tropical Dry Forest in Costa Rica

24 Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity

Connections：Can Lake Victoria Be Saved？

24-1 The Importance of Aquatic Biodiversity

24-2 Human Impacts on Aquatic Biodiversity

Spotlight：Invasion of Wetlands by Purple Loosestrife

24-3 Protecting and Sustaining Marine Biodiversity

Case Study：Near Extinction of the Blue Whale

24-4 Managing and Sustaining the World’s Marine Fisheries

Spotlight：Managing Fisheries with Individual Transfer Quotas

24-5 Protecting，Sustaining，and Restoring Wetlands

Individuals Matter：Restoring a Wetland

24-6 Protecting，Sustaining，and Restoring Lakes and Rivers

Case Study：Protecting Lake Baikal

25 Sustainable Cities：Urban Land Use and Management

The Ecocity Concept in Davis，California

25-1 Urbanization and Urban Growth

Spotlight：The Urban Poor

25-2 Urban Resource and Environmental Problems

Connections：How Can Reducing Crime Help the Environment？

25-3 Transportation and Urban Development

Pro/Con：Good and Bad News About Motor Vehicles

Case Study：Mass Transit in the United States

Solutions：Curitiba，Brazil

25-4 Urban Land-Use Planning and Control

Solutions：Ecological Land-Use Planning

Solutions：Land-Use Planning in Oregon

25-5 Solutions：Making Urban Areas More Livable and Sustainable

Case Study：Tapiola，Finland

Guest Essay：The Ecological Design Arts by David W.Orr

PART ⅥENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY

26 Economics，Environment，and Sustainability

How Important Are Natural Resources？

26-1 Economic Resources and Systems and Environmental Problems

Solutions：Appropriate Technology

Guest Essay：The Steady-State Economy in Outline by Herman E.Daly

26-2 Monitoring Economic and Environmental Progress

26-3 Harmful External Costs and Full-Cost Pricing

26-4 The Economics of Pollution Control and Resource Management

26-5 Using Regulations and Market Forces to Improve Environmental Quality

Solutions：Shifting the Tax Burden from Wages and Profits to Pollution and Waste

Spotlight：What Is Good Environmental Management？

26-6 Reducing Poverty to Improve Environmental Quality and Human Well-Being

Solutions：Microloans to the Poor

26-7 Making the Transition to More Environmentally Sustainable Economies

Case Study：How Is Germany Investing in the Future and the Earth？

Connections：Jobs and the Environment

27 Politics，Environment，and Sustainability

Rescuing a River

27-1 Politics and Environmental Policy

27-2 Developing and Influencing Environmental Policy

Solutions：Election Finance Reform

Individuals Matter：Environmental Careers

27-3 Case Study：Environmental Policy in the United States

Solutions：Types of Environmental Laws in the United States

27-4 Environmental Law

Case Study：The Regulatory Takings Controversy

Spotlight：SLAPPs：Intimidating Environmental Activists

27-5 Environmental and Anti-Environmental Groups and Claims

Guest Essay：Environmental Justice for All by Robert D.Bullard

Individuals Matter：Environmental Action on Campuses

Guest Essay：Covering the Environment by Andrew C.Revkin

Solutions：Improving Environmental Laws and Regulations

27-6 Global Environmental Policy

Solutions：Goals of National and Global Environmental NGOs

Solutions：Improving Trade Agreements

28 Environmental Worldviews，Ethics，and Sustainability

Biosphere 2：A Lesson in Humility

28-1 Environmental Worldviews in Industrial Societies

28-2 Life-Centered Environmental Worldviews

Connections：Why Should We Care About Future Generations？

Spotlight：Deep Ecology

28-3 Solutions：Living More Sustainably

Guest Essay：Envisioning a Sustainable Society by Lester W.Milbrath

Individuals Matter：Mindquake：Evaluating One’s Environmental Worldview

Connections：Learning from the Earth

Guest Essay：Green Colleges by Noel Perrin

Spotlight：What Are Our Basic Needs？

Appendices

1 Units of Measurement

2 Some Basic Chemistry

3 Classifying and Naming Species

Glossary

Index