Introduction

Ⅰ Dante and Petrarch

Italy in the early fourteenth century

Dante(1265-1321)

The Divine Comedy,1307-21

Petrarch(1304-74)

Love Lyrics,1327-58

Ⅱ Villon,Ronsard,and Montaigne

France from the late Middle Ages to the Renaissance

Metre and sound in French verse

Villon(1431-63+)

Poems,1456-61

Ronsard(1524-85)

Poems,1550-85

Montaigne(1533-92)

Essays,1572,1588,1595

Ⅲ Cervantes and Molière

Spain and France in the seventeenth century

Cervantes(1547-1616)

Don Quixote,1605-15

Molière(1622-73)

Tartuffe,1664,1669

Ⅳ Voltaire and Rousseau

France before the Revolution

Voltaire(1694-1778)

Candide,1759

Rousseau(1712-78)

Confessions,1766-70

Ⅴ Goethe and Schiller

German-speaking countries in the eighteenth century

Goethe(1749-1832)

Faust,Part One,1775-1808

Schiller(1759-1805)

Wallenstein,1798-9

Ⅵ Púshkin and Lérmontov

The Russian Empire in the nineteenth century

Púshkin(1799-1837)

Eugene Onégin,1831

Lérmontov(1814-41)

A Hero of Our Time,1840

Ⅶ Balzac and Flaubert

France:Restoration and the July Monarchy,1815-48

Balzac(1799-1850)

Le Père Goriot,1834-5

Flaubert(1821-80)

Women and adultery in the nineteenth century

Madame Bovary,1856-7

Ⅷ Baudelaire and Rimbaud

France:Second Republic and Second Empire,1848-71

Baudelaire(1821-67)

Les Fleurs du Mal,1857,1861,1868

Rimbaud(1854-91)

Poems,1870-3

Ⅸ Turgénev,Tolstóy,and Dostoévsky

The great age of the Russian novel,1856-80

Turgénev (1818-83)

Fathers and Children,1862

Tolstóy(1828-1910)

Anna Karénina,1875-7

Dostoévsky(1821-81)

The Brothers Karamázov,1879-80

Ⅹ Ibsen,Strindberg,and Hamsun

Scandinavia in the nineteenth Century

Ibsen(1828-1906)

A Doll's House,1879

Strindberg(1849-1912)

Miss Julie,1888

Hamsun(1859-1952)

Hunger,1890

Ⅺ Chékhov and Górky

Russia at the end of the Old Régime

Chékhov(1860-1904)

The Cherry Orchard,1903-4

Górky(1868-1936)

The Lower Depths,1902

Ⅻ Zola,Fontane,and Proust

France and Germany at the end of the nineteenth century

Zola(1840-1902)

Germinal,1885

Fontane(1819-98)

Effi Briest,1895

Proust(1871-1922)

Swann's Way,1913