CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO FIBER OPTICS

A Personal View

The Roots of Fiber Optics

Fibers in Communications

Basic Fiber Concepts

The Emerging Optical Network

Fiber Terms and Terminology

CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF FIBEROPTIC COMPONENTS

Basics of Optics

Light Guiding

Fiber Transmission

Other Optical Components

CHAPTER 3 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMMUNICATIONS

Communication Concepts

System Funcfions

Signal Formats

Analog and Digital Communications

Communications Services

Fiber-Optic Communication Equipment

CHAPTER 4 TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBERS

Light Guiding

Step-Index Multimode Fiber

Modes and Their Effects

Graded-Index Multimode Fiber

Single-Mode Fiber

Dispersion-Shifted Single-Mode Fiber

Polarization in Single-Mode Fiber

Other Fiber Types

CHAPTER 5 PROPERTIES OF OPTICAL FIBERS

Fiber Attenuation

Light Collection and Propagation

Dispersion

Nonlinear Effects

Mechanical Properties

CHAPTER 6 FIBER MATERIALS AND FIBER MANUFACTURE

Requirements for Making Optical Fibers

Glass Fibers

Fused-Silica Fibers

Plastic Fibers

Exotic Fibers and Light Guides

CHAPTER 7 SPECIAL-PURPOSE FIBERS

Fiber Gratings

Doped Fibers for Amplifiers and Lasers

Side-Glowing Decorative Fibers

Photonic Bandgap or Holey Fibers

Graded-Index Fiber Lenses

CHAPTER 8 CABLING

Cabling Basics

Reasons for Cabling

Types of Cable

Elements of Cable Structure

Cable Installation

Cable Changes and Failure

CHAPTER 9 LIGHT SOURCES

Light Source Considerations

LED Sources

The Laser Principle

Semiconductor Laser Sources

Vertical Cavity Semiconductor Lasers

Diode Laser Wavelengths and Materials

Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers

Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers

Other Solid-State Laser Sources

CHAPTER 10 TRANSMITTERS

Transmitter Terminology

Operational Considerations

Multiplexing

Modulation

Single-Channel Transmitter Design

Sample Transmitters

CHAPTER 11 RECEIVERS

Defining Receivers

Detector Basics

Performance Considerations

Electronic Functions

Sample Receiver Circuits

CHAPTER 12 REPEATERS,REGENERATORS,AND OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS

The Distance Problem

Types of Amplification

Requirements for Amplification

Electro-Optic Repeaters and Regenerators

Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers

Other Doped Fiber Amplifiers

Raman Amplification in Fibers

Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers

Regeneration in Optical Amplifiers

CHAPTER 13 CONNECTORS AND SPLICES

Applications of Connectors and Splices

Internal Reflections

Fiber-to-Fiber Attenuation

Mechanical Considerations in Connectors

Connector Structures

Connector Installation

Connecting Single-and Multifiber Cables

Standard Connector Types

Splicing and Its Applications

Splicing lssues and Performance

Types of Splicing

CHAPTER 14 COUPLERS AND OTHER PASSIVE COMPONENTS

Coupler Concepts and Applications

Coupler Characteristics

Coupler Types and Technologies

Attenuators

Optical Isolators

Optical Circulators

CHAPTER 15 WAVELENGTH-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING OPTICS

WDM Requirements

Optical Filters and WDM

WDM Technologies

Building Multiplexers and Demultiplexers

CHAPTER 16 OPTICAL SWITCHES, MODULATORS,AND OTHER ACTIVE COMPONENTS

Defining Active Components

Modulators and Modulation

Switching in Optical Networks

Optical Switching Technologies

Wavelength Coversions

Integrated Optics

Optically Controlled Modulation and Switching

CHAPTER 17 FIBER-OPTIC MEASUREMENTS

Basics of Optical Power Measurement

Wavelength and Frequency Measurements

Phase and Interference Measurements

Polarization Measurements

Time and Bandwidth Measurements

Signal Quality Measurements

Fiber-Specific Measurements

CHAPTER 18 TROUBLESHOOTING AND TEST EQUIPMENT

Fiber-Optic Troubleshooting

Test and Measurement Instruments

Troubleshooting Procedures

CHAPTER 19 SYSTEM AND OPTICAL NETWORKING CONCEPTS

An Evolving Network

Telecommunication Network Structure

Transmission Topologies

Transmission Formats

Transmission Capacity

CHAPTER 20 FIBER SYSTEM STANDARDS

Why Standards Are Needed

Families of Standards

Layers of Standards

Transmission Format Concepts

Interchange Standards

Fiber-Transmission Standards

Video Standards

Optical Networking Standards

CHAPTER 21 SINGLE-CHANNEL SYSTEM DESIGN

Variables

Power Budgeting

Examples of Loss Budgeting

Transmission Capacity Budget

Cost/Performance Trade-offs

CHAPTER 22 OPTICAL NETWORKING SYSTEM DESIGN

WDM versus High-Speed TDM

Density of Optical Channels

Fiber Properties and WDM

Nonlinear Effects in WDM Systems

Optical Amplification and WDM Design

Switching and Optical Networking

CHAPTER 23 GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICA-TIONS APPLICATIONS

Defining Telecommunications

The Global Telecommunications Network

Pulting Networks Together

Submarine Cables

Long-Haul Terrestrial Systems

Types of Long-Distance Services

CHAPTER 24 REGIONAL AND METRO TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Regional Network Structure

Established Regional Telecommunication Networks

Metro Networks

Regional/Metro System Design

CHAPTER 25 LOCAL TELEPHONE OR ACCESS NETWORKS

Structure of the Local Phone Network

Subscriber and Access Services

Emerging Services and Competing Technologies

Passive Optical Networks

Gigabit Ethernet and Internet Protocol

CHAPTER 26 COMPUTERS AND LOCALAREA NETWORKS

Computer and Phone Networks

Internet Structure

Atmospheric Optical Links

Fiber versus Copper Links

Fiber-Optic Data Link Design

Fiber in Standard Data Networks

CHAPTER 27 VIDEO TRANSMISSION

Video Basics

Transmission Media

Cable Television Networks

Digital Television and Cable Systems

Other Video Applications

CHAPTER 28 MOBILE FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS

Mobile Systems

Remotely Controlled Robotic Vehicles

Fibers in Aircraft

Shipboard Fiber-Optic Networks

Autamotice Fiber Optics

CHAPTER 29 FIBER-OPTIC SENSORS

Fiber-Sensing Concepts

Fiber-Optic Probes

Fiber-Sensing Mechanisms

Some Fiber Sensor Examples

Fiber-Optic Gyroscopes

Smart Skins and Structures

CHAPTER 30 IMAGING AND ILLUMI-NATING FIBER OPTICS

Basics of Fiber Bundles

Optics of Bundled Fibers

Imaging Applications

Light Piping and Illumination

APPENDICES

Appendix A Important Constants,Units,Conversion Factors,and Equations

Appendix B Decibles and Equivalents

Appendix C Standard Time-Division MultiPlexing Rates

Appendix D ITU Frequencies and Wavelengths for L-and C-bands,100-GHz Spacing,100 Channels

Appendix E Laser and Fiber Safety

Appendix F Fiber-Optic Resources

GLOSSARY

INDEX