Chapter 1 From Zero to One

1.1 The Game Plan

1.2 The Art of Managing Complexity

1.2.1 Abstraction

1.2.2 Discipline

1.2.3 The Three-Y's

1.3 The Digital Abstraction

1.4 Number Systems

1.4.1 Decimal Numbers

1.4.2 Binary Numbers

1.4.3 Hexadecimal Numbers

1.4.4 Bytes,Nibbles,and All That Jazz

1.4.5 Binary Addition

1.4.6 Signed Binary Numbers

1.5 Logic Gates

1.5.1 NOT Gate

1.5.2 Buffer

1.5.3 AND Gate

1.5.4 OR Gate

1.5.5 Other Two-Input Gates

1.5.6 Multiple-Input Gates

1.6 Beneath the Digital Abstraction

1.6.1 Supply Voltage

1.6.2 Logic Levels

1.6.3 Noise Margins

1.6.4 DC Transfer Characteristics

1.6.5 The Static Discipline

1.7 CMOS Transistors

1.7.1 Semiconductors

1.7.2 Diodes

1.7.3 Capacitors

1.7.4 nMOS and pMOS Transistors

1.7.5 CMOS NOT Gate

1.7.6 Other CMOS Logic Gates

1.7.7 Transmission Gates

1.7.8 Pseudo-nMOS Logic

1.8 Power Consumption

1.9 Summary and a Look Ahead

Exercises

Interview Questions

Chapter 2 Combinational Logic Design

2.1+ Introduction

2.2 Boolean Equations

2.2.1 Terminology

2.2.2 Sum-of-Products Form

2.2.3 Product-of-Sums Form

2.3 Boolean Algebra

2.3.1 Axioms

2.3.2 Theorems of One Variable

2.3.3 Theorems of Several Variables

2.3.4 The Truth Behind It All

2.3.5 Simplifying Equations

2.4 From Logic to Gates

2.5 Multilevel Combinational Logic

2.5.1 Hardware Reduction

2.5.2 Bubble Pushing

2.6 X's and Z's,Oh My

2.6.1 Illegal Value：X

2.6.2 Floating Value：Z

2.7 Karnaugh Maps

2.7.1 Circular Thinking

2.7.2 Logic Minimization with K-Maps

2.7.3 Don't Cares

2.7.4 The Big Picture

2.8 Combinational Building Blocks

2.8.1 Multiplexers

2.8.2 Decoders

2.9 Timing

2.9.1 Propagation and Contamination Delay

2.9.2 Glitches

2.10 Summary

Exercises

Interview Questions

Chapter 3 Sequential Logic Design

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Latches and Flip-Flops

3.2.1 SR Latch

3.2.2 D Latch

3.2.3 D Flip-Flop

3.2.4 Register

3.2.5 Enabled Flip-Flop

3.2.6 Resettable Flip-Flop

3.2.7 Transistor-Level Latch and Flip-Flop Designs

3.2.8 Putting It All Together

3.3 Synchronous Logic Design

3.3.1 Some Problematic Circuits

3.3.2 Synchronous Sequential Circuits

3.3.3 Synchronous and Asynchronous Circuits

3.4 Finite State Machines

3.4.1 FSM Design Example

3.4.2 State Encodings

3.4.3 Moore and Mealy Machines

3.4.4 Factoring State Machines

3.4.5 FSM Review

3.5 Timing of Sequential Logic

3.5.1 The Dynamic Discipline

3.5.2 System Timing

3.5.3 Clock Skew

3.5.4 Metastability

3.5.5 Synchronizers

3.5.6 Derivation of Resolution Time

3.6 Parallelism

3.7 Summary

Exercises

Interview Questions

Chapter 4 Hardware Description Languages

4.1 Introduction

4.1.1 Modules

4.1.2 Language Origins

4.1.3 Simulation and Synthesis

4.2 Combinational Logic

4.2.1 Bitwise Operators

4.2.2 Comments and White Space

4.2.3 Reduction Operators

4.2.4 Conditional Assignment

4.2.5 Internal Variables

4.2.6 Precedence

4.2.7 Numbers

4.2.8 Z's and X's

4.2.9 Bit Swizzling

4.2.10 Delays

4.2.11 VHDL Libraries and Types

4.3 Structural Modeling

4.4 Sequential Logic

4.4.1 Registers

4.4.2 Resettable Registers

4.4.3 Enabled Registers

4.4.4 Multiple Registers

4.4.5 Latches

4.5 More Combinational Logic

4.5.1 Case Statements

4.5.2 If Statements

4.5.3 Verilog casez

4.5.4 Blocking and Nonblocking Assignments

4.6 Finite State Machines

4.7 Parameterized Modules

4.8 Testbenches

4.9 Summary

Exercises

Interview Questions

Chapter 5 Digital Building Blocks

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Arithmetic Circuits

5.2.1 Addition

5.2.2 Subtraction

5.2.3 Comparators

5.2.4 ALU

5.2.5 Shifters and Rotators

5.2.6 Multiplication

5.2.7 Division

5.2.8 Further Reading

5.3 Number Systems

5.3.1 Fixed-Point Number Systems

5.3.2 Floating-Point Number Systems

5.4 Sequential Building Blocks

5.4.1 Counters

5.4.2 Shift Registers

5.5 Memory Arrays

5.5.1 Overview

5.5.2 Dynamic Random Access Memory

5.5.3 Static Random Access Memory

5.5.4 Area and Delay

5.5.5 Register Files

5.5.6 Read Only Memory

5.5.7 Logic Using Memory Arrays

5.5.8 Memory HDL

5.6 Logic Arrays

5.6.1 Programmable Logic Array

5.6.2 Field Programmable Gate Array

5.6.3 Array Implementations

5.7 Summary

Exercises

Interview Questions

Chapter 6 Architecture

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Assembly Language

6.2.1 Instructions

6.2.2 Operands：Registers,Memory,and Constants

6.3 Machine Language

6.3.1 R-type Instructions

6.3.2 I-type Instructions

6.3.3 J-type Instructions

6.3.4 Interpreting Machine Language Code

6.3.5 The Power of The Stored Program

6.4 Programming

6.4.1 Arithmetic/Logical Instructions

6.4.2 Branching

6.4.3 Conditional Statements

6.4.4 Getting Loopy

6.4.5 Arrays

6.4.6 Procedure Calls

6.5 Addressing Modes

6.6 Lights,Camera,Action：Compiling,Assembling,and Loading

6.6.1 The Memory Map

6.6.2 Translating and Starting a Program

6.7 Odds and Ends

6.7.1+ Pseudoinstructions

6.7.2 Exceptions

6.7.3 Signed and Unsigned Instructions

6.7.4 Floating-Point Instructions

6.8 Real-World Perspective：IA-32 Architecture

6.8.1 M-32 Registers

6.8.2 M-32 Operands

6.8.3 Status Flags

6.8.4 IA-32 Instructions

6.8.5 M-32 Instruction Encoding

6.8.6 Other IA-32 Peculiarities

6.8.7 The Big Picture

6.9 Summary

Exercises

Interview Questions

Chapter 7 Microarchitecture

7.1 Introduction

7.1.1 Architectural State and Instruction Set

7.1.2 Design Process

7.1.3 MIPS Microarchitectures

7.2 Performance Analysis

7.3 Single-Cycle Processor

7.3.1 Single-Cycle Datapath

7.3.2 Single-Cycle Control

7.3.3+ More Instructions

7.3.4 Performance Analysis

7.4 Multicycle Processor

7.4.1 Multicycle Datapath

7.4.2 Multicycle Control

7.4.3 More Instructions

7.4.4 Performance Analysis

7.5 Pipelined Processor

7.5.1 Pipelined Datapath

7.5.2 Pipelined Control

7.5.3 Hazards

7.5.4 More Instructions

7.5.5 Performance Analysis

7.6 HDL Representation

7.6.1 Single-Cycle Processor

7.6.2 Generic Building Blocks

7.6.3 Testbench

7.7 Exceptions

7.8 Advanced Microarchitecture

7.8.1 Deep Pipelines

7.8.2 Branch Predicuon

7.8.3 Superscalar Processor

7.8.4 Out-of-Order Processor

7.8.5 Register Renaming

7.8.6 Single Instruction Multiple Data

7.8.7 Multithreading

7.8.8 Multiprocessors

7.9 Real-World Perspective：IA-32 Microarchitecture

7.10 Summary

Exercises

Interview Questions

Chapter 8 Memory Systems

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Memory System Performance Analysis

8.3 Caches

8.3.1 What Data Is Held in the Cache?

8.3.2 How Is the Data Found?

8.3.3 What Data Is Replaced?

8.3.4 Advanced Cache Design

8.3.5 The Evolution of MIPS Caches

8.4 Virtual Memory

8.4.1 Address Translation

8.4.2 The Page Table

8.4.3 The Translation Lookaside Buffer

8.4.4 Memory Protection

8.4.5 Replacement Policies

8.4.6 Multilevel Page Tables

8.5 Memory-Mapped I/O

8.6 Real-World Perspective：IA-32 Memory and I/O Systems

8.6.1 IA-32 Cache Systems

8.6.2 M-32 Virtual Memory

8.6.3 IA-32 Programmed I/O

8.7 Summary

Exercises

Interview Questions

Appendix A Digital System Implementation

A.1 Introduction

A.2 74xx Logic

A.2.1 Logic Gares

A.2.2 Other Functions

A.3 Programmable Logic

A.3.1 PROMs

A.3.2 PLAs

A.3.3 FPGAs

A.4 Application-Specific Integrated Circuits

A.5 Data Sheets

A.6 Logic Families

A.7 Packaging and Assembly

A.8 Transmission lines

A.8.1 Matched Termination

A.8.2 Open Termination

A.8.3 Short Termination

A.8.4 Mismatched Termination

A.8.5 When to Use Transmission Line Models

A.8.6 Proper Transmission Line Terminations

A.8.7 Derivation of Z0

A.8.8 Derivation of the Reflection Coefficient

A.8.9 Putting It All Together

A.9 Economics

Appendix B MIPS Instructions

Further Reading

Index