SECTION Ⅰ Introduction to Molecular Medicine

1 THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF HUMAN DISEASE Joseph Loscalzo

Deoxyribonucleic Acid and the Genetic Code

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genetic Variation, Population Diversity, and Genetic Polymorphisms

Genes and Human Disease

Gene Mapping

Identifying Mutant Genes

Molecular Diagnostics

Genetic Therapies

Promising Advances

SECTION Ⅱ Decision-Making in Medical Practice

Searching for Relevant Information

2 EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE Awny S. Farajallah Susan S. Beland

Critical Appraisal of the Literature

Evaluating Evidence About Diagnostic Tests

Evaluating Evidence About Outcome

Evaluating Evidence About Treatment

Including the Patient in the Decision Process

SECTION Ⅲ Cardiovascular Disease

3 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE NORMAL HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS Eric H. Awtry Joseph Loscalzo

Microscopic Anatomy

Gross Anatomy

The Circulatory Pathway

The Conduction System

Circulatory Physiology and the Cardiac Cycle

Physiology of Contraction

Neural Innervation

Cardiac Performance

Physiology of the Coronary Circulation

Physiology of the Systemic Circulation

Physiology of the Pulmonary Circulation

Cardiovascular Response to Exercise

4 EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE Eric H. Awtry Joseph Loscalzo

History

Physical Examination

Auscultation

5 DIAGNOSTIC TESTS AND PROCEDURES IN THE PATIENT WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE Lisa A. Mendes Joseph Loscalzo

Chest Radiography

Electrocardiography

Abnormal ECG Patterns

Long-Term Ambulatory ECG Recording

Stress Testing

Echocardiography

Nuclear Cardiology

Cardiac Catheterization

Right-Sided Heart Catheterization

Other Procedures

Noninvasive Vascular Testing

6 HEART FAILURE AND CARDIOMYOPATHY Lisa A. Mendes Joseph Loscalzo

Forms of Heart Failure

Adaptive Mechanisms in Heart Failure

Evaluation and Treatment of Patients with Heart Failure

Treatment

Refractory Heart Failure

Acute Pulmonary Edema

Diastolic Dysfunction

Cardiovascular Assist Devices

7 CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE Lisa A. Mendes Joseph Loscalzo

General Considerations

Fetal and Transitional Circulations

Congenital Aortic Stenosis

Coarctation of the Aorta

Pulmonic Valve Stenosis

Tetralogy of Fallot

Atrial Septal Defect

Ventricular Septal Defect

Other Congenital Abnormalities

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

8 ACQUIRED VALVULAR HEART DISEASE Lisa A. Mendes Joseph Loscalzo

Aortic Stenosis

Aortic Regurgitation

Mitral Stenosis

Mitral Regurgitation

Mitral Valve Prolapse

Tricuspid Stenosis

Tricuspid Regurgitation

Pulmonic Stenosis and Regurgitation

Multivalvular Disease

Rheumatic Heart Disease

Endocarditis Prophylaxis

Prosthetic Heart Valves

9 CORONARY HEART DISEASE Eric H. Awtry Joseph Loscalzo

Epidemiology

Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis

Risk Factors

Nonatherosclerotic Causes of Cardiac Ischemia

Pathophysiology and Consequences of Myocardial Ischemia

Angina Pectoris

Acute Myocardial Infarction

10 CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS Eric H. Awtry Joseph Loscalzo

Mechanisms of Arrhythmogenesis

Approach to the Patient with Suspected Arrhythmias

Management of Cardiac Arrhythmias

Specific Arrhythmias

Heart Block

Clinical Syndromes

Principles of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

11 MYOCARDIAL AND PERICARDIAL DISEASE Lisa A. Mendes Joseph Loscalzo

Myocarditis

Cardiomyopathy

Amyloidosis

Pericardial Disease

12 OTHER CARDIAC TOPICS Lisa A. Mendes Joseph Loscalzo

Cardiac Tumors

Traumatic Heart Disease

Cardiac Surgery

Noncardiac Surgery in the Cardiac Patient

Specific Cardiac Conditions

Cardiac Disease in Pregnancy

13 VASCULAR DISEASES AND HYPERTENSION Eric H. Awtry Joseph Loscalzo

Systemic Vascular Disease

Venous Thromboembolic Disease

Pulmonary Vascular Disease

Hypertension

SECTION Ⅳ Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine

14 APPROACH TO THE PATIENT WITH RESPIRATORY DISEASE Bonnie S. Slovis Kenneth L. Brigham

Common Presenting Complaints

Physical Examination

15 ANATOMIC AND PHYSIOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS Bonnie S. Slovis Kenneth L. Brigham

Anatomy

Physiology

Abnormalities of Pulmonary Gas Exchange

16 DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES AND THEIR INDICATIONS Bonnie S. Slovis Kenneth L. Brigham

Imaging Procedures

Evaluation of Lung Function

17 OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE Bonnie S. Slovis Kenneth L. Brigham

Pathophysiology of Air Flow Obstruction

Asthma

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Bronchiectasis

Cystic Fibrosis

Treatment

18 INTERSTITIAL AND INFILTRATIVE LUNG DISEASE Bonnie S. Slovis Kenneth L. Brigham

Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Pleural Disease

19 DISORDERS OF THE PLEURAL SPACE, MEDIASTINUM, AND CHEST WALL Bonnie S. Slovis Kenneth L. Brigham

Mediastinal Disease

Chest Wall Disease

20 NEOPLASTIC DISEASES OF THE LUNG Bonnie S. Slovis Kenneth L. Brigham

Risk Factors

Pathology

Clinical Presentation

Diagnosis and Evaluation

Solitary Pulmonary Nodule

Treatment and Prognosis

21 DISORDERED BREATHING Bonnie S. Slovis Kenneth L. Brigham

Sleep Apnea Syndrome

Other Breathing Disorders

Air Pollution

22 ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL INJURY Bonnie S. Slovis Kenneth L. Brigham

Pneumoconioses

Noxious Gases and Fumes

Smoke Inhalation

High-Altitude Injury

Drowning and Near-Drowning

23 ESSENTIALS OF PULMONARY CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE Bonnie S. Slovis Kenneth L. Brigham

Shock

Acute Respiratory Failure

Oxygen Therapy

Mechanical Ventilation

Complications of Endotracheal Intubation and Mechanical Ventilation

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Sepsis, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome

SECTION Ⅴ Renal Disease

24 ELEMENTS OF RENAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Dinesh K. Chatoth

Elements of Renal Structure

Elements of Renal Physiology

25 APPROACH TO THE PATIENT WITH RENAL DISEASE Yousri M. H. Barri Sudhir V. Shah

Assessment of the Patient with Renal Disease

The Major Renal Syndromes

Radiologic Imaging of the Urinary Tract

Renal Biopsy

26 FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE DISORDERS Thomas E. Andreoli Sameh R. Abul-Ezz

Volume Disorders

Osmolality Disorders

Hyponatremia

Hypernatremia

Disturbances in Potassium Balance

Disturbances in Acid-Base Balance

27 GLOMERULAR DISEASES Sudhir V. Shah

The Glomerulus

Mechanisms of Glomerular Injury

Clinical Manifestations of Glomerular Disease

Approach to the Patient with Glomerular Disease

Acute Nephritic Syndrome

Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis

Nephrotic Syndrome

Asymptomatic Urinary Abnormalities

28 MAJOR NONGLOMERULAR DISORDERS Dinesh K. Chatoth

Tubulointerstitial Nephropathy

Cystic Diseases of the Kidney

Urinary Tract Obstruction

Nephrolithiasis

Renal Neoplasia

29 VASCULAR DISORDERS OF THE KIDNEY Yousri M. H. Barri

Renal Arterial Occlusion

Ischemic Renal Disease

Arterioles and Microvasculature

Atheroembolic Diseases of the Kidney

Chronic Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis

Malignant Nephrosclerosis

Scleroderma

Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome and Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Antiphospholipid Syndrome and the Kidney

Renal Vein Thrombosis

30 ACUTE RENAL FAILURE Sudhir V. Shah

Definition and Etiology

Differential Diagnosis and Diagnostic Evaluation of the Patient

Clinical Presentation, Complications, and Management of Acute Tubular Necrosis

Specific Causes of Acute Renal Failure

31 CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE Mary Jo Shaver

Adaptation to Nephron Loss

Conservative Management

Clinical Manifestations

Treatment of End-Stage Renal Failure

SECTION Ⅵ Gastrointestinal Disease

Clinical Features

Causes of Abdominal Pain

A. Abdominal Pain Edgar Achkar

32 COMMON CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE

Physiology

The Acute Abdomen

Chronic Abdominal Pain

B. Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Gregory Zuccaro, Jr.

Acute Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage

Chronic Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage

C. Malabsorption Edy E. Soffer

Digestion and Absorption of Fat

Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates

Digestion and Absorption of Proteins

Mechanisms of Malabsorption

Clinical Manifestations of Malabsorption

Multiple Mechanisms

Tests for Malabsorption

Approach to the Patient with Suspected Malabsorption

Treatment

D. Diarrhea Edy E. Soffer

Definition

Normal Physiology

Pathophysiology

Evaluation of Diarrhea

33 ENDOSCOPIC AND RADIOGRAPHIC PROCEDURES IN GASTROENTEROLOGY John J. Vargo Ⅱ

Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and Enteroscopy

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography

Endoscopic Ultrasonography

Sigmoidoscopy and Colonoscopy

Radiographic Procedures

34 DISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS Joel E. Richter

Normal Esophageal Physiology

Clinical Symptoms of Esophageal Disease

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Motility Disorders of the Oropharynx and Esophagus

Other Esophageal Disorders

35 DISEASES OF THE STOMACH AND DUODENUM Gary W. Falk

Gastroduodenal Anatomy

Gastroduodenal Mucosal Secretion and Protective Factors

Gastroduodenal Motor Physiology

Gastritis

Peptic Ulcer Disease

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

Delayed Gastric Emptying

Rapid Gastric Emptying

36 INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE Aaron Brzezinski

Etiology

Incidence and Epidemiology

Ulcerative Colitis: Clinical Features

Crohn s Disease: Clinical Features

Extraintestinal Manifestations

Other Complications

Treatment

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnosis

Colon Cancer

37 NEOPLASMS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT Carol A. Burke

Esophageal Carcinoma

Gastric Carcinoma

Colorectal Polyps and Carcinoma

The Polyposis Syndromes

Carcinoid Tumors

38 DISEASES OF THE PANCREAS Darwin L. Conwell

Anatomy and Physiology

Acute Pancreatitis

Chronic Pancreatitis

Carcinoma of the Pancreas

SECTION Ⅶ Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System

39 LABORATORY TESTS IN LIVER DISEASE Michael B. Fallon Brendan M. McGuire Gary A. Abrams Miguel R. Arguedas

Clinical Approach to Liver Disease

Laboratory Tests of Liver Function and Disease

Liver Biopsy

40 JAUNDICE Michael B. Fallon Brendan M. McGuire Gary A. Abrams Miguel R. Arguedas

Bilirubin Metabolism

Laboratory Tests for Bilirubin

Clinical Classification

Approach to Diagnosis

41 ACUTE AND CHRONIC HEPATITIS Michael B. Fallon Brendan M. McGuire Gary A. Abrams Miguel R. Arguedas

Acute Hepatitis

Chronic Hepatitis

Treatment

Diagnosis

42 FULMINANT HEPATIC FAILURE Michael B. Fallon Brendan M. McGuire Gary A. Abrams Miguel R. Arguedas

Hepatic Transplantation

Prognosis

43 CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER AND ITS COMPLICATIONS Michael B. Fallon Brendan M. McGuire Gary A. Abrams Miguel R. Arguedas

Clinical and Laboratory Features

Specific Causes

Major Complications

Hepatic Transplantation

44 NEOPLASTIC, INFILTRATIVE, AND VASCULAR DISEASES OF THE LIVER Michael B. Fallon Brendan M. McGuire Gary A. Abrams Miguel R. Arguedas

Hepatic Neoplasms

Liver Abscess

Granulomatous Liver Disease

Vascular Disease of the Liver

Diagnostic Approach to Hepatic Lesions

45 DISORDERS OF THE GALLBLADDER AND BILIARY TRACT Michael B. Fallon Brendan M. McGuire Gary A. Abrams Miguel R. Arguedas

Normal Biliary Physiology

Pathophysiology of Gallstone Formation(Cholelithiasis)

Clinical Manifestations of Gallstones

SECTION Ⅷ Hematologic Disease

46 HEMATOPOIESlS AND HEMATOPOIETIC FAILURE Eunice S. Wang Nancy Berliner

Hematopoietic Tissues

Stem Cell Theory of Hematopoiesis

Hematopoietic Differentiation Pathway

Disorders of Hematopoiesis

47 CLONAL DISORDERS OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL Eunice S. Wang Nancy Berliner

Myelodysplastic Disorders

Myeloproliferative Disorders

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

Acute Leukemias

48 DISORDERS OF RED BLOOD CELLS Nancy Berliner

Normal Red Blood Cell Structure and Function

Clinical Approach to Anemia

Evaluation of Hypoproliferative Anemia

49 CLINICAL DISORDERS OF NEUTROPHILS Nancy Berliner

Normal Granulocyte Development, Structure, and Function

Determinants of Peripheral Neutrophil Number

Evaluation of Leukocytosis (Neutrophilia)

Evaluation of Leukopenia (Neutropenia)

50 DISORDERS OF LYMPHOCYTES Jill Lacy

Cells of the Immune System: Lymphocyte Development, Function, and Localization

Neoplasia of Lymphoid Origin

51 NORMAL HEMOSTASIS Henry M. Rinder

Vascular Wall Physiology

Platelet Physiology

Coagulation Cascade

Endothelial-Associated Fibrinolysis

52 DISORDERS OF HEMOSTASlS: BLEEDING Henry M. Rinder

Clinical Evaluation of Bleeding

Vascular Causes of Bleeding

Bleeding Caused by Platelet Disorders: Thrombocytopenia

Bleeding Caused by Platelet Disorders: Qualitative Platelet Defects

Fibrinogen Disorders

Bleeding Caused by Coagulation Factor Disorders

Bleeding in Patients with a Normal Laboratory Screen

53 DISORDERS OF HEMOSTASIS: THROMBOSIS Henry M. Rinder

Clinical Evaluation of Thrombosis

Vascular Causes of Thrombosis

Atherothrombosis

Inherited Risk Factors for Venous Thrombosis

Acquired Risk Factors for Venous Thrombosis

Hypercoagulability and Platelet Disorders

Laboratory Evaluation of Thrombosis

Therapy for Venous Thromboembolism

Venous Thromboembolism During Pregnancy

Perioperative Anticoagulation

Future Anticoagulant Strategies

SECTION Ⅸ Oncologic Disease

54 CANCER ETIOLOGY: ONCOGENES AND ENVIRONMENTAL/TOXIC FACTORS Christopher E. Desch

Cancer Phenotype

Cancer Genetics

Etiology

55 CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CANCER PREVENTION Jennifer J. Griggs

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer Prevention

56 SOLID TUMORS Jennifer J. Griggs Christopher E. Desch

Lung Cancer

Gastrointestinal Cancers

Breast Cancer

Genitourinary Cancers

Melanoma

Spinal Cord Compression

57 COMPLICATIONS OF CANCER Jennifer J. Griggs

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome

Hypercalcemia

Paraneoplastic Syndromes

58 PRINCIPLES OF CANCER TREATMENT Christopher E. Desch

Radiology

Surgery

Radiation Therapy

Chemotherapy

Hormonal Therapy

Supportive Care

Biologic Therapy

Bone Marrow Transplantation

SECTION Ⅹ Metabolic Disease

59 EATING DISORDERS Peter N. Herbert

Obesity

Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa

60 PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT IN ADULT PATIENTS Peter N. Herbert

Nutritional Assessment

Route of Nutritional Support

Water

Calories and Protein

Vitamins and Minerals

Home Nutritional Support

61 DISORDERS OF LIPID METABOLISM Peter N. Herbert

Plasma Lipoprotein Physiology

Evaluation of Serum Lipoprotein Concentrations

Elevated Chylomicrons, VLDL, and IDL

Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia

Elevated LDL

Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia

Lipids and Vascular Disease

62 DISORDERS OF METALS AND METALLOPROTEINS Peter N. Herbert

Wilson s Disease

Treatment

Hemochromatosis

Porphyrias

63 INHERITED DISORDERS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE Peter N. Herbert

Collagen Disorders

Marfan s Syndrome

Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum

SECTION Ⅺ Endocrine Disease

64 HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY AXIS Vivien Herman-Bonert

Anatomy

Anterior Pituitary Hormone Physiology and Testing

Neuroradiologic Evaluation of the Pituitary Gland

Pituitary and Hypothalamic Disorders

Pituitary Tumors

The Posterior Pituitary Gland

65 THE THYROID GLAND Vivien Herman-Bonert Theodore C. Friedman

Thyroid Hormone Physiology

Thyroid Evaluation

Hyperthyroidism

Graves Disease

Toxic Multinodular Goiter

Thyroiditis

Toxic Adenoma

Thyrotoxicosis Factitia

Rare Causes of Thyrotoxicosis

Hypothyroidism

Goiter

Solitary Thyroid Nodules

Thyroid Carcinoma

66 THE ADRENAL GLAND Theodore C. Friedman

Physiology

Adrenal Insufficiency

Hyporeninemic Hypoaldosteronism

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Syndromes of Adrenocorticoid Hyperfunction

Adrenal Medullary Hyperfunction

67 MALE REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY Glenn D. Braunstein

Hypogonadism

Erectile Dysfunction

Gynecomastia

Testicular Tumors

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Carcinoma of the Prostate

68 DIABETES MELLITUS Philip Barnett Glenn D. Braunstein

Definition

Diagnosis

Classification

Pathogenesis

Management

Complications

69 HYPOGLYCEMIA Philip Barnett

Definition

Physiology of Glucose Homeostasis

Clinical Classification of Hypoglycemia

Diagnostic Work-up of Hypoglycemia

Treatment

SECTION Ⅻ Women s Health

70 WOMEN S HEALTH: GENERAL CONCEPTS Sally L. Hodder Anne L. Taylor

Gender Differences in the Epidemiology of Disease by Age Group

Gender and the Patient-Physician Interaction

Exercise Across the Feminine Life Cycle

71 HORMONAL INFLUENCES ON WOMEN S HEALTH Sally L. Hodder Anne L. Taylor

Normal Physiology

Dysmenorrhea and Premenstrual Syndrome

Amenorrhea

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding

Hirsutism

Hormone Therapy

72 DISEASES COMMON IN WOMEN Sally L. Hodder Anne L. Taylor

Cardiovascular Diseases

Osteoporosis

Breast Cancer and Benign Breast Disease

Cancer of the Cervix, Uterus, and Ovary

Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Domestic Violence

Urinary incontinence

Disorders of Cognition and Affect

SECTION ⅩⅢ Diseases of Bone and Bone Mineral Metabolism

73 NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY OF BONE AND BONE MINERALS F. Richard Bringhurst

Bone Structure and Metabolism

Calcium Metabolism

Phosphorus Metabolism

Magnesium Metabolism

Vitamin D

Calcitonin

74 THE PARATHYROID GLANDS, HYPERCALCEMIA, AND HYPOCALCEMIA Joel S. Finkelstein

Normal Physiology

Hypercalcemia

Hypocalcemia

75 OSTEOMALACIA AND RICKETS F. Richard Bringhurst

Pathogenesis

Specific Causes

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory and Radiographic Features

Diagnosis

Treatment

76 OSTEOPOROSIS Joel S. Finkelstein

General Considerations

Etiology and Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations

Radiographic Findings

Diagnosis

Treatment

Glucocorticoid-Induced Bone Loss

77 PAGET S DISEASE OF BONE Margaret P. Seton

Incidence and Prevalence

Etiology

Pathology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Picture

Associated Conditions

Laboratory Assessment

Treatment

SECTION ⅩⅣ Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disease

78 APPROACH TO THE PATIENT WITH RHEUMATIC DISEASE Joseph H. Korn

Musculoskeletal History and Examination

Laboratory Testing

Radiographic Studies

79 RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS Joseph H. Korn

Epidemiology and Genetics

Pathology

Pathophysiology

Clinical Features

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prognosis

80 SPONDYLOARTHROPATHIES Peter A. Merkel

Epidemiology

Pathogenesis

Clinical Features

Radiographic Features

Treatment

81 SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS Peter A. Merkel

Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Subsets

Treatment

82 ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODY SYNDROME Peter A. Merkel

Etiology

Clinical Features

Diagnosis

Treatment

Clinical Features

Pathology and Pathophysiology

Epidemiology and Genetics

83 SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS (SCLERODERMA) Joseph H. Korn

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Treatment

Prognosis

84 IDIOPATHIC INFLAMMATORY MYOPATHIES Robert W. Simms

Pathology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Presentation

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment

85 SJOGREN S SYNDROME Peter A. Merkel

Clinical Features

Diagnosis

Treatment

88 VASCULITIDES Peter A. Merkel

Classification

Pathogenesis

Clinical Features

Specific Types of Vasculitis

Diagnosis

Autoantibodies and Vasculitis

Treatment

87 CRYSTAL ARTHROPATHIES Joseph H. Korn

Gout

Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease

Other Crystal Disorders

Pathology

88 OSTEOARTHRITIS Robert W. Simms

Clinical Features and Diagnosis

Treatment

89 NONARTICULAR SOFT TISSUE DISORDERS Robert W. Simms

Etiology and Pathogenesis

Classification of Bursae

Diagnosis of Nonarticular Soft Tissue Disorders

Bursitis

Tendinitis

Fibromyalgia Syndrome

90 RHEUMATIC MANIFESTATIONS OF SYSTEMIC DISORDERS Robert W. Simms

Rheumatic Syndromes Associated with Malignancy

Hematologic Disorders

Gastrointestinal Diseases

Endocrine Disorders

Sarcoidosis

SECTION ⅩⅤ Infectious Disease

91 ORGANISMS THAT INFECT HUMANS Michael M. Lederman

Viruses

Chlamydiae

Rickettsiae

Mycoplasma

Bacteria

Fungi

Protozoans

Helminths

Local Barriers to Infection

92 HOST DEFENSES AGAINST INFECTION Robert A. Salata

Components of the Immune System

Nonspecific Effector Mechanisms

Resistance to Extracellular Bacteria: Encapsulated Organisms

Resistance to Obligate Intracellular Parasites: Viruses

Resistance to Facultative Intracellular Parasites: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

93 LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES Michael M. Lederman

Diagnosis by Direct Visualization of the Organism

Diagnosis by Detection of Microbial Antigens

Diagnosis by Examination of Host Immune or Inflammatory Responses

Assays that Detect Microbial Nucleoside Sequences

Diagnosis by Isolation of the Organism in Culture

Isolation of Fungi and Mycobacteria

Bacterial Isolation

Viral Isolation

Isolation of Rickettsia, Chlamydia, and Mycoplasma

94 ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY Michael M. Lederman

The Pathogen

Site of Infection

Characteristics of the Antimicrobial

Route of Administration

Duration of Therapy

Combinations

Monitoring of Antimicrobial Therapy

Antiviral Agents

Antifungal Agents

Antimicrobial Resistance Testing

Fever and Hyperthermia

95 FEVER AND FEBRILE SYNDROMES Robert A. Salata

Regulation of Body Temperature

Acute Febrile Syndromes

Fever of Unknown Origin

Factitious or Self-Induced Fever

96 BACTEREMIA Robert A. Salata

Epidemiology

Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Therapy

97 INFECTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Robert A. Salata

Meningitis

Encephalitis

Spectrum of Tuberculous, Fungal, and Parasitic Infections

Rabies

98 INFECTIONS OF THE HEAD AND NECK Michael M. Lederrnan

Infections of the Ear

Infections of the Nose and Sinuses

Infections of the Mouth and Pharynx

99 INFECTIONS OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT Michael M. Lederman

Pathogenesis

Epidemiology

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnosis

Specific Pathogenic Organisms

Treatment and Outcome

Prevention

Infective Endocarditis

100 INFECTIONS OF THE HEART AND VESSELS Michael M. Lederrnan

Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis

Prophylaxis of Infective Endocarditis

Bacterial Endarteritis and Suppurative Phlebitis

101 SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS Michael M. Lederrnan

Superficial Infections of the Skin

Deeper Infections of the Skin and Soft Tissue

102 INTRA-ABDOMINAL ABSCESS AND PERITONITIS Michael M. Lederrnan

Intra-Abdominal Abscess

Abscesses of Solid Organs

Extravisceral Abscesses

Peritonitis

Types of Microbial Diarrheal Diseases

103 INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA Michael M. Lederrnan

Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology: General Concepts

General Epidemiologic Considerations

Diagnosis

Management: General Principles of Electrolyte Repletion Therapy

104 INFECTIONS INVOLVING BONES AND JOINTS Michael M. Lederrnan

Arthritis

Septic Bursitis

Osteomyelitis

105 INFECTIONS OF THE URINARY TRACT Michael M. Lederrnan

Urethritis

Cystitis and Pyelonephritis

Prostatitis

Approach to the Hospitalized Patient with Possible Nosocomial infection

106 NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS Michael M. Lederrnan

Infection Control

Nosocomial Pneumonia

Intravascular Catheter-Related Infections

Pressure Sores

Nosocomial Urinary Tract infection

107 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES Robert A. Salata

Genital Sores

Urethritis, Cervicitis, and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Proctocolitis in Homosexual Men

108 HIV INFECTION AND THE ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME Charles C. J. Carpenter Michael M. Lederman

Epidemiology

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis and Testing for HIV Infection

Sequential Clinical Manifestations of HIV-1 Infection

Management of HIV Infection

Management of Specific Clinical Manifestations of Immunodeficiency: A Problem-Oriented Approach

Mucocutaneous Diseases

Nervous System Diseases

Pulmonary Diseases

Gastrointestinal Diseases

Unexplained Fever

Weight Loss and Anorexia

AIDS-Associated Malignancies

Other Complications of HIV Infection

Prevention of HIV Infection

Disorders of Cell-Mediated Immunity

109 INFECTIONS IN THE IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST Robert A. Salata

Disorders of Humoral Immunity

Impaired Neutrophil Function

Neutropenia

Diagnostic Problems in the Compromised Host

Prevention and Treatment of Infections in the Patient with Neutropenia

110 INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF TRAVELERS: PROTOZOAL AND HELMINTHIC INFECTIONS Robert A. Salata

Preparation of Travelers

The Returning Traveler

Protozoal and Helminthic Infections

SECTION ⅩⅥ Neurologic Disease

111 NEUROLOGIC EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT Frederick J. Marshall

Taking a Neurologic History

The Neurologic Examination

Technologic Assessment

112 DISORDERS OF CONSCIOUSNESS Roger P. Simon

Pathophysiology

Diagnostic Approach

Prognosis in Coma

Coma-like States

113 DISORDERS OF SLEEP Roger P. Simon

Neurobiology of Sleep

Insomnia

Abnormal Arousal

Sleep Apnea

Parasomnias

Narcolepsy

Regional Syndromes

Anatomy

114 FOCAL BRAIN DISEASE Timothy J. Counihan

115 DEMENTIA AND MEMORY DISTURBANCES Frederick J. Marshall

Major Dementia Syndromes

Other Memory Disturbances

116 DISORDERS OF MOOD AND BEHAVIOR Frederick J. Marshall

Psychotic Disorders

Depression and Bipolar Disorders

Anxiety Disorders

Somatoform Disorders

Factitious Disorder

Dissociative Disorders

Personality Disorders and Substance Abuse

Hyperthermia

117 DISORDERS OF THERMAL REGULATION Roger P. Simon

Hypothermia

118 HEADACHE, NECK PAIN, AND OTHER PAINFUL DISORDERS Timothy J. Counihan

Headache

Neck and Back Pain

119 DISORDERS OF VISION AND HEARING Timothy J. Counihan

Disorders of Vision and Eye Movements

Hearing and Its Impairments

120 DIZZINESS Roger P. Simon

Approach to the Diagnosis

Treatment

121 DISORDERS OF THE MOTOR SYSTEM Frederick J. Marshall

Symptoms and Signs of Motor System Disease

Movement Disorders and Ataxia

Hypokinetic Movement Disorders

Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders

Cerebellar Ataxias

122 DEVELOPMENTAL AND NEUROCUTANEOUS DISORDERS Robert C. Griggs

Spinal Malformations

Chiari Malformations

Tethered Spinal Cord

Syringohydromyelia

Malformations of Cortical Development

Developmental and Neurocutaneous Disorders

123 CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE Timothy J. Counihan

Epidemiology

Anatomy

Ischemic Stroke

Physiology

Major Stroke Syndromes

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Primary Stroke Prevention

Management of Acute Stroke

Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Intracranial Aneurysms

Vascular Malformations

124 TRAUMA TO HEAD AND SPINE Roger P. Simon

Head Injury

Spinal Cord Injury

Whiplash

Incidence and Etiology

Classification and Clinical Manifestations

125 EPILEPSY Robert C. Griggs

Definition

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment

Prognosis

Discontinuing Antiepileptic Drugs

126 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMORS Jennifer J. Griggs

Classification

Clinical Manifestations

Evaluation of the Patient

Treatment

Specific Tumors

Brain Abscess

127 INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Robert C Griggs Roger P Simon

Subdural Empyema

Malignant External Otitis

Spinal Epidural Abscess

Septic Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis

Lateral Sinus Thrombosis

Septic Sagittal Thrombosis

Neurologic Complications of Infectious Endocarditis

Prion Diseases

128 DEMYELINATING AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS Robert C. Griggs

Multiple Sclerosis

Optic Neuritis

Neuromyelitis Optica

Acute Transverse Myelitis

Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis

129 NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES: DISORDERS OF THE MOTOR NEURON AND PLEXUS AND PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASE Robert C. Griggs

Diagnostic Tests

Diseases of the Motor Neuron (Anterior Horn Cell)

Plexopathy

Peripheral Nerve Disease

Common Mononeuropathies

Polyneuropathies

130 MUSCLE DISEASES Robert C. Griggs

Organization and Structure of Muscle

Assessment

Muscular Dystrophies

Congenital Myopathies

Metabolic Myopathies

Specific Mitochondrial Disorders Affecting Muscle

Channelopathies (Nondystrophic Myotonias and Periodic Paralyses)

Inflammatory Myopathies

Myopathies Caused by Endocrine and Systemic Disorders

Toxic Myopathies

Myoglobinuria

131 NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION DISEASE Robert C. Griggs

Myasthenia Gravis

Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome

Drug-Induced Myesthenic Syndromes

Organophosphate Intoxication

SECTION ⅩⅦ The Aging Patient

132 THE BIOLOGY OF AGING David A Lipschitz Robert J. Reis Dennis H. Sullivan

Theories of Aging

Demographics of Aging and Implications for Health Care

Assessment of the Older Patient

Common and Often Inadequately Assessed Medical Problems of the Elderly

SECTION ⅩⅧ Substance Abuse

133 ALCOHOL AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE Timothy E. Holcomb Jeffrey L. Clothier

Screening

Tobacco and Alcohol Abuse

Prescription Drug Abuse

?icit Drug Abuse

APPENDIX Commonly Measured Laboratory Values

INDEX