1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Scope of Thermodynamics

1.2 Dimensions and Units

1.3 Measures of Amount or Size

1.4 Force

1.5 Temperature

1.6 Pressure

1.7 Work

1.8 Energy

1.9 Heat

2 THE FIRST LAW AND OTHER BASIC CONCEPTS

2.1 Joule's Experiments

2.2 Internal Energy

2.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics

2.4 Energy Balance for Closed Systems

2.5 Thermodynamic State and State Functions

2.6 Equilibrium

2.7 The Phase Rule

2.8 The Reversible Process

2.9 Constant-V and Constant-P Processes

2.10 Enthalpy

2.11 Heat Capacity

2.12 Mass and Energy Balances for Open Systems

3 VOLUMETRIC PROPERTIES OF PURE FLUIDS

3.1 PVT Behavior ofPure Substances

3.2 Virial Equations of State

3.3 The Ideal Gas

3.4 Application ofthe Virial Equations

3.5 Cubic Equations of State

3.6 Generalized Correlations for Gases

3.7 Generalized Correlations for Liquids

4 HEAT EFFECTS

4.1 Sensible Heat Effects

4.2 Latent Heats of Pure Substances

4.3 Standard Heat of Reaction

4.4 Standard Heat of Formation

4.5 Standard Heat of Combustion

4.6 Temperature Dependence of △H°

4.7 Heat Effects of Industrial Reactions

5 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

5.1 Statements of the Second Law

5.2 Heat Engines

5.3 Thermodynamic Temperature Scales

5.4 Entropy

5.5 Entropy Changes of an Ideal Gas

5.6 Mathematical Statement of the Second Law

5.7 Entropy Balance for Open Systems

5.8 Calculation of Ideal Work

5.9 Lost Work

5.10 The Third Law of Thermodynamics

5.11 Entropy from the Microscopic Viewpoint

6.1 Property Relations for Homogeneous Phases

6 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

6.2 Residual Properties

6.3 Residual Properties by Equations of State

6.4 Two-Phase Systems

6.5 Thermodynamic Diagrams

6.6 Tables of Thermodynamic Properties

6.7 Generalized Property Correlations for Gases

7 APPLICATIONS OF THERMODYNAMICS TO FLOW PROCESSES

7.1 Duct Flow of Compressible Fluids

7.2 Turbines(Expanders)

7.3 Compression Processes

8 PRODUCTION OF POWER FROM HEAT

8.1 The Steam Power Plant

8.2 Internal-Combustion Engines

8.3 Jet Engines;Rocket Engines

9 REFRIGERATION AND LIQUEFACTION

9.1 The Carnot Refrigerator

9.2 The Vapor-Compression Cycle

9.3 The Choice of Refrigerant

9.4 Absorption Refrigeration

9.5 The Heat Pump

9.6 Liquefaction Processes

10 VAPOR/LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM:INTRODUCTION

10.1 The Nature of Equilibrium

10.2 The Phase Rule.Duhem's Theorem

10.3 VLE:Qualitative Behavior

10.4 Simple Models for Vapor/Liquid Equilibrium

10.5 VLE by Modified Raoult's Law

10.6 VLE from K-Value Correlations

11 SOLUTION THERMODYNAMICS:THEORY

11.1 Fundamental Property Relation

11.2 The Chemical Potential and Phase Equilibria

11.3 Partial Properties

11.4 Ideal-Gas Mixtures

11.5 Fugacity and Fugacity Coefficient:Pure Species

11.6 Fugacity and Fugacity Coefficient:Species in Solution

11.7 Generalized Correlations for the Fugacity Coefficient

11.8 The Ideal Solution

11.9 Excess Properties

12 SOLUTION THERMODYNAMICS:APPLICATIONS

12.1 Liquid-Phase Properties from VLE Data

12.2 Models for the Excess Gibbs Energy

12.3 Property Changes of Mixing

12.4 Heat Effects of Mixing Processes

13 CHEMICAL-REACTION EQUILIBRIA

13.1 The Reaction Coordinate

13.2 Application of Equilibrium Criteria to Chemical Reactions

13.3 The Standard Gibbs-Energy Change and the Equilibrium Constant

13.4 Effect of Temperature on the Equilibrium Constant

13.5 Evaluation of Equilibrium Constants

13.6 Relation of Equilibrium Constants to Composition

13.7 Equilibrium Conversions for Single Reactions

13.8 Phase Rule and Duhem's Theorem for Reacting Systems

13.9 Multireaction Equilibria

13.10 Fuel Cells

14 TOPICS IN PHASE EQUILIBRIA

14.1 The Gamma/Phi Formulation of VLE

14.2 VLE from Cubic Equations of State

14.3 Equilibrium and Stability

14.4 Liquid/Liquid Equilibrium(LLE)

14.5 Vapor/Liquid/Liquid Equilibrium(VLLE)

14.6 Solid/Liquid Equilibrium (SLE)

14.7 Solid/Vapor Equilibrium(SVE)

14.8 Equilibrium Adsorption of Gases on Solids

14.9 Osmotic Equilibrium and Osmotic Pressure

15 THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF PROCESSES

15.1 Thermodynamic Analysis of Steady-State Flow Processes

16 INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR THERMODYNAMICS

16.1 Molecular Theory of Fluids

16.2 Second Virial Coefficients from Potential Functions

16.3 Internal Energy of Ideal Gases:Microscopic View

16.4 Thermodynamic Properties and Statistical Mechanics

16.5 Hydrogen Bonding and Charge-Transfer Complexing

16.6 Behavior of Excess Properties

16.7 Molecular Basis for Mixture Behavior

16.8 VLE by Molecular Simulation

A Conversion Factors and Values of the Gas Constant

B Properties of Pure Species

C Heat Capacities and Property Changes of Formation

D Representative Computer Programs

D.1 Defined Functions

D.2 Solution of Example Problems by Mathcad？

E The Lee/Kesler Generalized-correlation Tables

F Steam Tables

F.1 Interpolation

G Thermodynamic Diagrams

H UNIFAC Method

I Newton's Method

Author Index

Subject Index