Chapter 1.UNIX System Overview

1.1 Introduction

1.2 UNIX Architecture

1.3 Logging In

1.4 Files and Directories

1.5 Input and Output

1.6 Programs and Processes

1.7 Error Handling

1.8 User Identification

1.9 Signals

1.10 Time Values

1.11 System Calls and Library Functions

1.12 Summary

Chapter 2.UNIX Standardization and Implementations

2.1 Introduction

2.2 UNIX Standardization

2.2.1 ISO C

2.2.2 IEEE POSIX

2.2.3 The Single UNIX Specification

2.2.4 FIPS

2.3 UNIX System Implementations

2.3.1 UNIX System V Release 4

2.3.2 4.4BSD

2.3.3 FreeBSD

2.3.4 Linux

2.3.5 Mac OS X

2.3.6 Solaris

2.3.7 Other UNIX Systems

2.4 Relationship of Standards and Implementations

2.5 Limits

2.5.1 ISO C Limits

2.5.2 POSIX Limits

2.5.3 XSI Limits

2.5.4 sysconf, pathconf, and fpathconf Functions

2.5.5 Indeterminate Runtime Limits

2.6 Options

2.7 Feature Test Macros

2.8 Primitive System Data Types

2.9 Conflicts Between Standards

2.10 Summary

Chapter 3. File I/O

3.1 Introduction

3.2 File Descriptors

3.3 open Function

3.4 creat Function

3.5 close Function

3.6 lseek Function

3.7 read Function

3.8 write Function

3.9 I/O Efficiency

3.10 File Sharing

3.11 Atomic Operations

3.12 dup and dup2 Functions

3.13 sync, fsync, and fdatasync Functions

3.14 fcntl Function

3.15 ioctl Function

3.16 /dev/fd

3.17 Summary

Chapter 4. Files and Directories

4.1 Introduction

4.2 stat, fstat, and lstat Functions

4.3 File Types

4.4 Set-User-ID and Set-Group-ID

4.5 File Access Permissions

4.6 Ownership of New Files and Directories

4.7 access Function

4.8 umask Function

4.9 chmod and fchmod Functions

4.10 Sticky Bit

4.11 chown, fchown, and lchown Functions

4.12 File Size

4.13 File Truncation

4.14 File Systems

4.15 link, unlink, remove, and rename Functions

4.16 Symbolic Links

4.17 symlink and readlink Functions

4.18 File Times

4.19 utime Function

4.20 mkdir and rmdir Functions

4.21 Reading Directories

4.22 chdir, fchdir, and getcwd Functions

4.23 Device Special Files

4.24 Summary of File Access Permission Bits

4.25 Summary

Chapter 5. Standard I/O Library

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Streams and FILE Objects

5.3 Standard Input, Standard Output, and Standard Error

5.4 Buffering

5.5 Opening a Stream

5.6 Reading and Writing a Stream

5.7 Line-at-a-Time I/O

5.8 Standard I/O Efficiency

5.9 Binary I/O

5.10 Positioning a Stream

5.11 Formatted I/O

5.12 Implementation Details

5.13 Temporary Files

5.14 Alternatives to Standard I/O

5.15 Summary

Chapter 6. System Data Files and Information

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Password File

6.3 Shadow Passwords

6.4 Group File

6.5 Supplementary Group IDs

6.6 Implementation Differences

6.7 Other Data Files

6.8 Login Accounting

6.9 System Identification

6.10 Time and Date Routines

6.11 Summary

Chapter 7. Process Environment

7.1 Introduction

7.2 main Function

7.3 Process Termination

7.4 Command-Line Arguments

7.5 Environment List

7.6 Memory Layout of a C Program

7.7 Shared Libraries

7.8 Memory Allocation

7.9 Environment Variables

7.10 setjmp and longjmp Functions

7.11 getrlimit and setrlimit Functions

7.12 Summary

Chapter 8. Process Control

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Process Identifiers

8.3 fork Function

8.4 vfork Function

8.5 exit Functions

8.6 wait and waitpid Functions

8.7 waitid Function

8.8 wait3 and wait4 Functions

8.9 Race Conditions

8.10 exec Functions

8.11 Changing User IDs and Group IDs

8.12 Interpreter Files

8.13 system Function

8.14 Process Accounting

8.15 User Identification

8.16 Process Times

8.17 Summary

Chapter 9. Process Relationships

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Terminal Logins

9.3 Network Logins

9.4 Process Groups

9.5 Sessions

9.6 Controlling Terminal

9.7 tcgetpgrp, tcsetpgrp, and tcgetsid Functions

9.8 Job Control

9.9 Shell Execution of Programs

9.10 Orphaned Process Groups

9.11 FreeBSD Implementation

9.12 Summary

Chapter 10. Signals

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Signal Concepts

10.3 signal Function

10.4 Unreliable Signals

10.5 Interrupted System Calls

10.6 Reentrant Functions

10.7 SIGCLD Semantics

10.8 Reliable-Signal Terminology and Semantics

10.9 kill and raise Functions

10.10 alarm and pause Functions

10.11 Signal Sets

10.12 sigprocmask Function

10.13 s igpending Function

10.14 sigaction Function

10.15 sigsetjmp and siglongjmp Functions

10.16 sigsuspend Function

10.17 abort Function

10.18 system Function

10.19 sleep Function

10.20 Job-Control Signals

10.21 Additional Features

10.22 Summary

Chapter 11. Threads

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Thread Concepts

11.3 Thread Identification

11.4 Thread Creation

11.5 Thread Termination

11.6 Thread Synchronization

11.7 Summary

Chapter 12. Thread Control

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Thread Limits

12.3 Thread Attributes

12.4 Synchronization Attributes

12.5 Reentrancy

12.6 Thread-Specific Data

12.7 Cancel Options

12.8 Threads and Signals

12.9 Threads and fork

12.10 Threads and I/O

12.11 Summary

Chapter 13. Daemon Processes

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Daemon Characteristics

13.3 Coding Rules

13.4 Error Logging

13.5 Single-Instance Daemons

13.6 Daemon Conventions

13.7 Client-Server Model

13.8 Summary

Chapter 14. Advanced I/O

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Nonblocking I/O

14.3 Record Locking

14.4 STREAMS

14.5 I/O Multiplexing

14.5.1 select and pselect Functions

14.5.2 poll Function

14.6 Asynchronous I/O

14.6.1 System V Asynchronous I/O

14.6.2 BSD Asynchronous I/O

14.7 readv and writev Functions

14.8 readn and writen Functions

14.9 Memory-Mapped I/O

14.10 Summary

Chapter 15. Interprocess Communication

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Pipes

15.3 popen and pclose Functions

15.4 Coprocesses

15.5 FIFOs

15.6 XSI IPC

15.6.1 Identifiers and Keys

15.6.2 Permission Structure

15.6.3 Configuration Limits

15.6.4 Advantages and Disadvantages

15.7 Message Queues

15.8 Semaphores

15.9 Shared Memory

15.10 Client-Server Properties

15.11 Summary

Chapter 16. Network IPC: Sockets

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Socket Descriptors

16.3 Addressing

16.3.1 Byte Ordering

16.3.2 Address Formats

16.3.3 Address Lookup

16.3.4 Associating Addresses with Sockets

16.4 Connection Establishment

16.5 Data Transfer

16.6 Socket Options

16.7 Out-of-Band Data

16.8 Nonblocking and Asynchronous I/O

16.9 Summary

Chapter 17. Advanced IPC

17.1 Introduction

17.2 STREAMS-Based Pipes

17.2.1 Naming STREAMS Pipes

17.2.2 Unique Connections

17.3 UNIX Domain Sockets

17.3.1 Naming UNIX Domain Sockets

17.3.2 Unique Connections

17.4 Passing File Descriptors

17.4.1 Passing File Descriptors over STREAMS-Based Pipes

17.4.2 Passing File Descriptors over UNIX Domain Sockets

17.5 An Open Server, Version 1

17.6 An Open Server, Version 2

17.7 Summary

Chapter 18. Terminal I/O

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Overview

18.3 Special Input Characters

18.4 Getting and Setting Terminal Attributes

18.5 Terminal Option Flags

18.6 stty Command

18.7 Baud Rate Functions

18.8 Line Control Functions

18.9 Terminal Identification

18.10 Canonical Mode

18.11 Noncanonical Mode

18.12 Terminal Window Size

18.13 termcap, terminfo, and curses

18.14 Summary

Chapter 19. Pseudo Terminals

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Overview

19.3 Opening Pseudo-Terminal Devices

19.3.1 STREAMS-Based Pseudo Terminals

19.3.2 BSD-Based Pseudo Terminals

19.3.3 Linux-Based Pseudo Terminals

19.4 pty_fork Function

19.5 pty Program

19.6 Using the pty Program

19.7 Advanced Features

19.8 Summary

Chapter 20. A Database Library

20.1 Introduction

20.2 History

20.3 The Library

20.4 Implementation Overview

20.5 Centralized or Decentralized?

20.6 Concurrency

20.7 Building the Library

20.8 Source Code

20.9 Performance

20.10 Summary

Chapter 21. Communicating with a Network Printer

21.1 Introduction

21.2 The Internet Printing Protocol

21.3 The Hypertext Transfer Protocol

21.4 Printer Spooling

21.5 Source Code

21.6 Summary

Appendix A. Function Prototypes

Appendix B. Miscellaneous Source Code

B.1 Our Header File

B.2 Standard Error Routines

Appendix C. Solutions to Selected Exercises

Bibliography

Index