1 EXTERNAL HISTORY&John Algeo

1.1 History,external and internal

1.2 Periods in the history of American English

1.3 The Colonial period

1.4 The National period

1.5 The International period

2 BRITISH AND AMERICAN.CONTINUITY AND DIVERGENCE&John Hurt Fisher

2.1 The continuity of English

2.2 Settlement history

2.3 Nationalism,American English,and Noah Webster

2.4 Education and culture norms

2.5 Literature,writing,and the standard

2.6 Vocabulary

2.7 Style

2.8 Pronunciation and class accent

2.9 Diversity and uniformity

2.10 British and American interrelations

3 BRITISH AND IRISH ANTECEDENTS&Michael Montgomery

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Background

3.3 Research questions and considerations

3.4 Sources of Colonial American English

3.5 Historical development of the field：paradigms of comparison and reconstruction

3.6 Drawing regional and social connections

3.7 Linguistic features

3.8 Research needs and conclusions

4 CONTACT WITH OTHER LANGUAGES&Suzanne Romaine

4.1 Pre-contact：languages before English in North America

4.2 Language in post-contact North America

4.3 Majorlanguages of immigration

4.4 Conclusion

5 AMERICANISMS&Frederic G.Cassidy and Joan Houston Hall

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Definitions

5.3 First additions

5.4 First colonization

5.5 English redistributed

5.6 Regional differences

5.7 The westward movement

5.8 The Webster impact

5.9 The Civil War

5.10 Settling the West

5.11 Urbanization

5.12 World WarⅡ

5.13 Black contributions

5.14 Some subject categories

5.15 Conclusion

6 SLANG&Jonathan E.Lighter

6.1 Adefinition of slang

6.2 Slang and poetry

6.3 Radiations of the meanings of the term slang and of attitudes toward slang

6.4 Twentieth-century scholarship on slang

6.5 The historical development of American slang

6.6 The roleof slang in American life

7 DIALECTS&Lee Pederson

7.1 Introduction

7.2 History and geography

7.3 American dialectology

7.4 Historical background

7.5 Four major American dialects

7.6 Northern dialects

7.7 Midland dialects

7.8 Southern dialects

7.9 Western dialects

7.10 Summary：major American dialects

8 AFRICAN-AMERICAN ENGLISH&Salikoko S.Mufwene

8.1 What is African-American English?

8.2 Features of AAE

8.3 The development of AAE

8.4 Benefits of studying AAE

8.5 Future studies of AAE

9 GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE&Ronald R.Butters

9.1 Grammatical categories

9.2 American-British grammatical differences

9.3 American nonstandard grammatical features

9.4 American standard grammatical features

9.5 Independent changes in standard American English grammar

10 SPELLING&Richard L.Venezky

10.1 From settlement to Revolution

10.2 Orthographic authority

10.3 Spelling reform

10.4 Present-day American spelling

10.5 Conclusion

11 USAGE&Edward Finegan

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Theorigins of the study of grammar in America

11.3 Closing the gap：scholars face the facts of usage

11.4 Conclusion

12 CANADIAN ENGLISH&Laurel J.Brinton and Margery Fee

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Speakers of Canadian English

12.3 The study of Canadian English

12.4 Settlement history

12.5 Linguistic features of Canadian English

12.6 Conclusion

13 NEWFOUNDLAND ENGLISH&William J.Kirwin

13.1 Early Newfoundland

13.2 Settlement

13.3 West Country Newfoundland English

13.4 Anglo-Irish influence

13.5 Vocabulary

13.6 Conclusion

14 AMERICAN ENGLISH ABROAD&Richard W.Bailey

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Americanism

14.3 Early American impact abroad

14.4 Lexical expansion by curiosity and cupidity

14.5 Emerging awareness of American Englishas adistinct variety

14.6 Cultural coherence between the colonies and Britain

14.7 Rising British anxiety and antagonism

14.8 American reaction and British counter reaction

14.9 The triumph of American English

Glossary of linguistic terms

Bibliography

Index

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