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内容简介
Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics
1.1 Why study language？
1.2 What is language？
1.3 Design features of language
1.3.1 Arbitrariness
1.3.2 Duality
1.3.3 Creativity
1.3.4 Displacement
1.4 Origin of language
1.5 Functions of language
1.5.1 Informative
1.5.2 Interpersonal function
1.5.3 Performative
1.5.4 Emotive function
1.5.5 Phatic communion
1.5.6 Recreational function
1.5.7 Metalingual function
1.6 What is linguistics？
1.7 Main branches of linguistics
1.7.1 Phonetics
1.7.2 Phonology
1.7.3 Morphology
1.7.4 Syntax
1.7.5 Semantics
1.7.6 Pragmatics
1.8 Macrolinguistics
1.8.1 Psycholinguistics
1.8.2 Sociolinguistics
1.8.3 Anthropological linguistics
1.8.4 Computational linguistics
1.9 Important distinctions in linguistics
1.9.1 Descriptives.prescriptive
1.9.2 Synchronic vs.diachronic
1.9.3 Langue＆parole
1.9.4 Competence and performance
1.9.5 Etic vs.Emic
Further Reading
Questions and Exercises
Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
2.1 Speech production and perception
2.2 Speech organs
2.3 Segments，divergences，and phonetic transcription
2.3.1 Segments and divergences
2.3.2 Phonetic transcription
2.4 Consonants
2.4.1 Consonants and vowels
2.4.2 Consonants
2.4.3 Manners of articulation
2.4.4 Places of articulation
2.4.5 The consonants of English
2.5 Vowels
2.5.1 The criteria of vowel description
2.5.2 The theory of cardinal vowels
2.5.3 Vowel glides
2.5.4 The vowels ofRP
2.6 Coarticulation and phonetic transcription
2.6.1 Coarticulation
2.6.2 Broad and narrow transcriptions
2.7 Phonological analysis
2.8 Phonemes and allophones
2.8.1 Minimal pairs
2.8.2 The phoneme theory
2.8.3 Allophones
2.9 Phonological processes
2.9.1 Assimilation
2.9.2 Phonological processes and phonological rules
2.9.3 Rule ordering
2.10 Distinctive features
2.11 Syllables
2.11.1 The syllable structure
2.11.2 Sonority scale
2.11.3 Syllabification and the maximal onset principle
2.12 Stress
Further Reading
Questions and Exercises
Chapter 3 Lexicon
3.1 What is word？
3.1.1 Three senses of“word”
3.1.2 Identification of words
3.1.3 Classification of words
3.2 The formation of word
3.2.1 Morpheme and morphology
3.2.2 Types ofmorphemes
3.2.3 Inflection and word formation
3.2.4 The counterpoint of phonology and morphology
3.3 Lexical change
3.3.1 Lexical change proper
3.3.2 Phonological change
3.3.3 Morpho-syntactical change
3.3.4 Semantic change
3.3.5 Orthographic change
Further Reading
Questions and Exercises
Chapter 4 Syntax
4.1 The traditional approach
4.1.1 Number，gender and case
4.1.2 Tense and aspect
4.1.3 Concord and government
4.2 The structural approach
4.2.1 Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations
4.2.2 Immediate constituent analysis
4.2.3 Endocentric and exocentric constructions
4.3 The generative approach
4.3.1 Deep and surface structures
4.3.2 The standard theory and after
4.3.3 Government，binding，etc
4.4 The functional approach
4.4.1 Functional sentence perspective
4.4.2 Systemic-functional grammar
Further Reading
Questions and Exercises
Chapter 5 Meaning
5.1 Meanings of“meaning”
5.2 The referential theory
5.3 Sense relations
5.3.1 Synonymy
5.3.2 Antonymy
5.3.3 Hyponymy
5.4 Componential analysis
5.5 Sentence meaning
5.5.1 An integrated theory
5.5.2 Logical semantics
Further Reading
Questions and Exercises
Chapter 6 Language Processing in Mind
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Evidence
6.1.2 Current issues
6.2 Language comprehension
6.2.1 Word recognition
6.2.2 Lexical ambiguity
6.2.3 Syntactic processing
6.2.4 Semantics and sentence memory
6.2.5 Basic processes in reading
6.3 Discourse/text interpretations
6.3.1 Schemata and inference drawing
6.3.2 Story structure
6.4 Language production
6.4.1 Speech production
6.4.2 Written language
Further Reading
Questions and Exercises
Chapter 7 Language，Culture，and Society
7.1 Language and culture
7.1.1 How does language relate to culture？
7.1.2 More about the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
7.1.3 Case studies
7.1.4 To which extent do we need culture in our linguistic study？
7.1.5 Culture in language teaching classroom
7.2 Language and society
7.2.1 How does language relate to society？
7.2.2 A situationally and socially variationist perspective
7.2.3 What should we know more about sociolinguistics？
7.2.4 What implications can we get from sociolinguistics？
7.3 Summary
Further Reading
Questions and Exercises
Chapter 8 Language in Use
8.1 Speech act theory
8.1.1 Performatives and constatives
8.1.2 A theory of the illocutionary act
8.2 The theory of conversational implicature
8.2.1 The cooperative principle
8.2.2 Violation of the maims
8.2.3 Characteristics ofimplicature
8.3 Post-Gricean developments
8.3.1 Relevance theory
8.3.2 The Q-and R-principles
8.3.3 The Q-，I-and M-principles
Further Reading
Questions and Exercises
Chapter 9 Language and Literature
9.1 Theoretical background
9.2 Some general features of the literary language
9.2.1 Foregrounding and grammatical form
9.2.2 Literal language and figurative language
9.2.3 The analysis of literary language
9.3 The language in poetry
9.3.1 Sound patterning
9.3.2 Different forms of sound patterning
9.3.3 Stress and metrical patterning
9.3.4 Conventional forms of metre and sound
9.3.5 The poetic functions of sound and metre
9.3.6 How to analyse poetry？
9.4 The language in fiction
9.4.1 Fictional prose and point of view
9.4.2 Speech and thought presentation
9.4.3 Prose style
9.4.4 How to analyse the language of fiction？
9.5 The language in drama
9.5.1 How should we analyse drama？
9.5.2 Analysing dramatic language
9.5.3 How to analyse dramatic texts？
Further Reading
Questions and Exercises
Chapter 10 Language and Computer
10.1 Computer-assisted language learning（CALL）
10.1.1 CAL/CAI vs CALL
10.1.2 Phases of CALL development
10.1.3 Technology
10.2 Machine translation
10.2.1 History of development
10.2.2 Research methods
10.2.3 MT quality
10.2.4 MT and the Internet
10.2.5 Spoken language translation
10.2.6 MT and human translation
10.3 Corpuslinguistics
10.3.1 Definition
10.3.2 Criticisms and the revival of corpus linguistics
10.3.3 Concordance
10.3.4 Text encoding and annotation
10.3.5 The roles of corpus data
10.4 Information retrieval
10.4.1 Scope defined
10.4.2 An information retrieval system
10.4.3 Three main areas of reearch
10.5 Mail and news
Further Reading
Questions and Exercises
Chapter 11 Linguistics and Foreign Languagereaching
11.1 The relation of linguistics to foreign language teaching
11.2 Various linguistic views and their significance in language learning and teaching
11.2.1 Traditional grammar
11.2.2 Structuralist linguistics
11.2.3 Transformational-Generative linguistics
11.2.4 Functional linguistics
11.2.5 The theory of communicative competence
11.3 Syllabus design
11.3.1 What is syllabus？
11.3.2 Major factors in syllabus design
11.3.3 Types of syllabus
11.4 Language learning
11.4.1 Grammar and language learning
11.4.2 Input and language learning
11.4.3 Interlanguage in language learning
11.5 Error analysis
11.5.1 Errors，mistakes，and error analysis
11.5.2 Attitudes to errors
11.5.3 Procedure of error analysis
11.5.4 Contrastive analysis and non-contrastive analysis
11.6 Testing
11.6.1 Two different approaches to testing
11.6.2 Types of test
11.6.3 Requirements of a good test
11.6.4 Test content and test form
11.6.5 Marking and interpretation of scores
11.7 Summarv
Further Reading
Questions and Exercises
Chapter 12 Theories and Schools of Modern Linguistics
12.0 Introduction
12.1 The Prague School
12.1.1 Introduction
12.1.2 Phonology and phonological oppositions
12.1.3 Functional Sentence Perspective（FSP）
12.2 The London Scbool
12.2.1 Malinowski's theories
12.2.2 Firth's theories
12.2.3 Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar
12.3 American Structuralism
12.3.1 Early period：Boas and Sapir
12.3.2 Bloomfield's theory
12.3.3 Post-Bloomfieldian linguistics
12.4 Transformational-Generative Grammar
12.4.1 The innateness hypothesis
12.4.2 What is a generative grammar？
12.4.3 The Classical Theory
12.4.4 The Standard Theory
12.4.5 The Extended Standard Theory
12.4.6 Later theories
12.4.7 Main features of TG Grammar
12.5 Revisionists？Rebels？
12.5.1 Case Grammar
12.5.2 Generative Semantics
Further Reading
Questions and Exercises
Bibliography
Key to Questions and Exercises
Glossary and Index
