1．Introduction

1.1 Classical Physics and Quantum Mechanics

1.2 Short Historical Review

2．The Mass and Size of the Atom

2.1 What is an Atom?

2.2 Determination of the Mass

2.3 Methods for Determining Avogadro's Number

2.3.1 Electrolysis

2.3.2 The Gas Constant and Boltzmann's Constant

2.3.3 X-Ray Diffraction in Crystals

2.3.4 Determination Using Radioactive Decay

2.4 Determination of the Size of the Atom

2.4.1 Application of the Kinetic Theory of Gases

2.4.2 The Interaction Cross Section

2.4.3 Experimental Determination of Interaction Cross Sections

2.4.4 Determining the Atomic Size from the Covolume

2.4.5 Atomic Sizes from X-Ray Diffraction Measurements on Crystals

2.4.6 CanIndividual Atoms Be Seen?

Problems

3．Isotopes

3.1 The Periodic System of the Elements

3.2 Mass Spectroscopy

3.2.1 Parabola Method

3.2.2 Improved Mass Spectrometers

3.2.3 Results of Mass Spectrometry

3.2.4 Modern Applications of the Mass Spectrometer

3.2.5 Isotope Separation

Problems

4．The Nucleus of the Atom

4.1 Passage of Electrons Through Matter

4.2 Passage of Alpha Particles Through Matter(Rutherford Scattering)

4.2.1 Some Properties of Alpha Particles

4.2.2 Scattering of Alpha Particles by a Foil

4.2.3 Derivation of the Rutherford Scattering Formula

4.2.4 Experimental Results

4.2.5 What is Meant by Nuclear Radius?

Problems

5．The Photon

5.1 Wave Character of Light

5.2 Thermal Radiation

5.2.1 Spectral Distribution of Black Body Radiation

5.2.2 Planck's Radiation Formula

5.2.3 Einstein's Derivation of Planck's Formula

5.3 The Photoelectric Effect

5.4 The Compton Effect

5.4.1 Experiments

5.4.2 Derivation of the Compton Shift

Problems

6．The Electron

6.1 Production of Free Electrons

6.2 Size of the Electron

6.3 The Charge of the Electron

6.4 The Specific Charge e/m of the Electron

6.5 Wave Character of Electrons and Other Particles

6.6 Interferometry with Atoms

Problems

7．Some Basic Properties of Matter Waves

7.1 Wave Packets

7.2 Probabilistic Interpretation

7.3 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation

7.4 The Energy-Time Uncertainty Relation

7.5 Some Consequences of the Uncertainty Relations for Bound States

Problems

8．Bohr's Model of the Hydrogen Atom

8.1 Basic Principles of Spectroscopy

8.2 The Optical Spectrum of the Hydrogen Atom

8.3 Bohr's Postulates

8.4 Some Quantitative Conclusions

8.5 Motion of the Nucleus

8.6 Spectra of Hydrogen-like Atoms

8.7 Muonic Atoms

8.8 Excitation of Quantum Jumps by Collisions

8.9 Sommerfeld's Extension of the Bohr Model and the Experimental Justification of a Second Quantum Number

8.10 Lifting of Orbital Degeneracy by the Relativistic Mass Change

8.11 Limits of the Bohr-Sommerfeld Theory.The Correspondence Principle

8.12 Rydberg Atoms

8.13 Exotic Atoms:Positronium,Muonium,and Antihydrogen

Problems

9．The Mathematical Framework of Quantum Theory

9.1 The Particle in a Box

9.2 The Schr？dinger Equation

9.3 The Conceptual Basis of Quantum Theory

9.3.1 Observations,Values of Measurements and Operators

9.3.2 Momentum Measurement and Momentum Probability

9.3.3 Average Values and Expectation Values

9.3.4 Operators and Expectation Values

9.3.5 Equations for Determining the Wavefunction

9.3.6 Simultaneous Observability and Commutation Relations

9.4 The Quantum Mechanical Oscillator

Problems

10．Quantum Mechanics of the Hydrogen Atom

10.1 Motion in a Central Field

10.2 Angular Momentum Eigenfunctions

10.3 The Radial Wavefunctions in a Central Field

10.4 The Radial Wavefunctions of Hydrogen

Problems

11．Lifting of the Orbital Degeneracy in the Spectra of Alkali Atoms

11.1 Shell Structure

11.2 Screening

11.3 The Term Diagram

11.4 Inner Shells

Problems

12．Orbital and Spin Magnetism.Fine Structure

12.1 Introduction and Overview

12.2 Magnetic Moment of the Orbital Motion

12.3 Precession and Orientation in a Magnetic Field

12.4 Spin and Magnetic Moment of the Electron

12.5 Determination of the Gyromagnetic Ratio by the Einstein-de Haas Method

12.6 Detection of Directional Quantisation by Stern and Gerlach

12.7 Fine Structure and Spin-Orbit Coupling:Overview

12.8 Calculation of Spin-Orbit Splitting in the Bohr Model

12.9 Level Scheme of the Alkali Atoms

12.10 Fine Structure in the Hydrogen Atom

12.11 The Lamb Shift

Problems

13．Atoms in a Magnetic Field:Experiments and Their Semiclassical Description

13.1 Directional Quantisation in a Magnetic Field

13.2 Electron Spin Resonance

13.3 The Zeeman Effect

13.3.1 Experiments

13.3.2 Explanation of the Zeeman Effect from the Standpoint of Classical Electron Theory

13.3.3 Description of the Ordinary Zeeman Effect by the Vector Model

13.3.4 The Anomalous Zeeman Effect

13.3.5 Magnetic Moments with Spin-Orbit Coupling

13.4 The Paschen-Back Effect

13.5 Double Resonance and Optical Pumping

Problems

14．Atoms in a Magnetic Field:Quantum Mechanical Treatment

14.1 Quantum Theory of the Ordinary Zeeman Effect

14.2 Quantum Theoretical Treatment of the Electron and Proton Spins

14.2.1 Spin as Angular Momentum

14.2.2 Spin Operators,Spin Matrices and Spin Wavefunctions

14.2.3 The Schr？dinger Equation of a Spin in a Magnetic Field

14.2.4 Description of Spin Precession by Expectation Values

14.3 Quantum Mechanical Treatment of the Anomalous Zeeman Effect with Spin-OrbitCoupling

14.4 Quantum Theory of a Spin in Mutually Perpendicular Magnetic Fields,One Constant and One Time Dependent

14.5 The Bloch Equations

14.6 The Relativistic Theory of the Electron.The Dirac Equation

14.7 The Hydrogen Atom in Strong Magnetic Fields

14.7.1 Rydberg Atoms in Strong Fields

14.7.2 What is Chaos?A Reminder of Classical Mechanics

14.7.3 Quantum Chaos

14.7.4 The Hydrogen Atom in Strong Magnetic Fields and in Low Quantum States

Problems

15．Atoms in an Electric Field

15.1 Observations of the Stark Effect

15.2 Quantum Theory of the Linear and Quadratic Stark Effects

15.2.1 The Hamiltonian

15.2.2 The Quadratic Stark Effect.Perturbation Theory Without Degeneracy

15.2.3 The Linear Stark Effect.Perturbation Theory in the Presence of Degeneracy

15.3 The Interaction of a Two-Level Atom with a Coherent Radiation Field

15.4 Spin and Photon Echoes

15.5 A Glance at Quantum Electrodynamics

15.5.1 Field Quantization

15.5.2 Mass Renormalization and Lamb Shift

15.6 Atoms in Strong Electric Fields

Problems

16．General Laws of Optical Transitions

16.1 Symmetries and Selection Rules

16.1.1 Optical Matrix Elements

16.1.2 Examples of the Symmetry Behaviour of Wavefunctions

16.1.3 Selection Rules

16.1.4 Selection Rules and Multiple Radiation

16.2 Linewidths and Lineshapes

17．Many-Electron Atoms

17.1 The Spectrum of the Helium Atom

17.2 Electron Repulsion and the Pauli Principle

17.3 Angular Momentum Coupling

17.3.1 Coupling Mechanism

17.3.2 LS Coupling(Russell-Saunders Coupling)

17.3.3 jj Coupling

17.4 Magnetic Moments of Many-Electron Atoms

17.5 Multiple Excitations

Problems

18．X-Ray Spectra,Internal Shells

18.1 Introductory Remarks

18.2 X-Radiation from Outer Shells

18.3 X-Ray Bremsstrahlung Spectra

18.4 Emission Line Spectra:Characteristic Radiation

18.5 Fine Structure of the X-Ray Spectra

18.6 Absorption Spectra

18.7 The Auger Effect

18.8 Photoelectron Spectroscopy(XPS),ESCA

Problems

19．Structure of the Periodic System.Ground States of the Elements

19.1 Periodic System and Shell Structure

19.2 From the Electron Configuration to the Atomic Term Scheme.Atomic Ground States

19.3 Excited States of Atoms and Possible Electronic Configurations.Complete Term Schemes

19.4 The Many-Electron Problem.Hartree-Fock Method

19.4.1 The Two-Electron Problem

19.4.2 Many Electrons Without Mutual Interactions

19.4.3 Coulomb Interaction of Electrons.Hartree and Hartree-Fock Methods

Problems

20．Nuclear Spin,Hyperfine Structure

20.1 Influence of the Atomic Nucleus on Atomic Spectra

20.2 Spins and Magnetic Moments of Atomic Nuclei

20.3 The Hyperfine Interaction

20.4 Hyperfine Structure in the Ground State of the Hydrogen Atom,the Sodium Atom,and the Hydrogen-like Ion 83Bi82+

20.5 Hyperfine Structure in an External Magnetic Field,Electron Spin Resonance

20.6 Direct Measurements of Nuclear Spins and Magnetic Moments,Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

20.7 Applications of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

20.8 The Nuclear Electric Quadrupole Moment

Problems

21．The Laser

21.1 Some Basic Concepts for the Laser

21.2 Rate Equations and Lasing Conditions

21.3 Amplitude and Phase of Laser Light

Problems

22．Modern Methods of Optical Spectroscopy

22.1 Classical Methods

22.2 Quantum Beats

22.3 Doppler-free Saturation Spectroscopy

22.4 Doppler-free Two-Photon Absorption

22.5 Level-Crossing Spectroscopy and the Hanle Effect

22.6 Laser Cooling of Atoms

22.7 Nondestructive Single-Photon Detection-An Example of Atomic Physics in a Resonant Cavity

Problems

23．Progress in Quantum Physics:A Deeper Understanding and New Applications

23.1 Introduction

23.2 The Superposition Principle,Interference,Probabilily and Probability Amplitudes

23.3 Schr？dinger's Cat

23.4 Decoherence

23.5 Entanglement

23.6 The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen(EPR)Paradox

23.7 Bell's Inequalities and the Hidden-Variable Hypothesis

23.8 Experiments to Test Bell's Inequalities

23.9 Quantum Computers

23.9.1 Historical Remarks

23.9.2 Review of Digital Computers

23.9.3 Basic Concepts of the Quantum Computer

23.9.4 Decoherence and Error Correction

23.9.5 A Comparison Between the Quantum Computer and the Digital Computer

23.10 Quantum Information Theory

23.11 The Bose-Einstein Condensation

23.11.1 Review of Statistical Mechanics

23.11.2 The Experimental Discovery

23.11.3 The Quantum Theory of the Bose-Einstein Condensation

23.12 The Atom Laser

Problems

24．Fundamentals of the Quantum Theory of Chemical Bonding

24.1 Introductory Remarks

24.2 The Hydrogen-Molecule Ion H？

24.3 The Tunnel Effect

24.4 The Hydrogen Molecule H2

24.5 Covalent-Ionic Resonance

24.6 The Hund-Mulliken-Bloch Theory of Bonding in Hydrogen

24.7 Hybridisation

24.8 The πElectrons of Benzene,C6H6

Problems

Appendix

A．The Dirac Delta Function and the Normalisation of the Wavefunction of a Free Particle in Unbounded Space

B．Some Properties of the Hamiltonian Operator,Its Eigenfunctions and its Eigenvalues

C．Derivation of Heisenberg's Uncertainty Relation

Solutions to the Problems

Bibliography of Supplementary and Specialised Literature

Subject Index