CONTENTS

序 王宗炎

前言

PART ONE PRELIMINARIES

1．INTRODUCTION

2．WHAT IS PHONOLOGY？

2.1 The medium of language is sound

2.2 Phonetics and linguistics

2.3 Phonetics and phonology

2.4 Phonemes and allophones

2.5 Redundancy and distinctiveness

2.6 Phonetic transcription and phonemic transcription

2.7 Prosodic phonology and suprasegmental phonology

2.7.1 Length

2.7.2 Stress

2.7.3 Intonation

2.7.4 Tone

Key terms and concepts

Questions and exercises

3.2 The air-stream mechanism

3.1 Introduction

3．THE MECHANISM OF SPEECH PRODUCTION

3.3 The vocal cords

3.4 The pharynx

3.5 The soft palate

3.6 The roof of the mouth

3.7 The tongue

3.8 The teeth

3.9 The lips

3.10 The active and passive articulators

Questions and exercises

Key terms and concepts

4．THE SYLLABLE：VOWEL AND CONSONANT

4.1 The syllable

4.2 Vowel and consonant

4.3 Vowel-likes，semi-consonants or semi-vowels

4.4 Vocoids and contoids

Key terms and concepts

Questions and exercises

5．DESCRIPTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS

5.1 Description of consonants

5.2 Place of articulation

5.3.1 Complete closure

5.3 Manner of articulation

5.3.2 Intermittent closure

5.3.3 Partial closure

5.3.4 Narrowing

5.3.5 Approximants

5.4 Fortis and Lenis

Key terms and concepts

Questions and exercises

6．DESCRIPTION AND NAMING OF VOWELS

6.1 Production of vowels

6.2 Close，half-close，half-open，open

6.3 Front，central，back

6.4 Rounded and unrounded

6.5 Tense and lax

6.6 Oral vowels and nasal vowels

6.7 Monophthongs and diphthongs

6.8 Retroflexed vowels

Key terms and concepts

Questions and exercises

7．CARDINAL VOWELS AND VOWEL TRANSCRIPTION

7.1 History

7.2 The vowel limit

7.3.1 Cardinal vowels 1 and 5

7.3 Description of the cardinal vowels

7.3.2 Cardinal vowels 2，3，4 and 6，7，8

7.3.3 Lip positions of the cardinal vowels

7.3.4 The secondary cardinal vowels

7.4 Principles of vowel transcription

Key terms and concepts

Questions and exercises

8．GROUPING PHONES INTO PHONEMES

8.1 The phoneme as a phonetic reality

8.2 Complementary distribution

8.3 Phonetic similarity

8.4 Free variation

Key terms and concepts

Questions and exercises

PART TWO BRITISH RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION

9．INTRODUCTION

9.1 Aims

9.2 The standard of British English pronunciation

9.3 Jones’definition of RP is no longer valid

9.4 Gimson：the conservative nature of Jones’speech

9.5 Gimson：the instability of advanced RP

9.6 Gimson’s conclusion

9.7 The importance of a good pronunciation

Key tems and concepts

Questions and exercises

10．THE ENGLISH VOWELS

10.1 RP vowel system

10.2 Characteristics of modern RP vowels

10.3 Classification of RP vowels

Key terms and concepts

Questions and exercises

11．PURE VOWELS

11.1 English and Chinese pure vowels compared

11.2 ／i：

11.3 ／？

11.4 ／e

11.5 ／？

11.6 ／？

11.7 ／？：

11.8 ／？

11.9 ／？：

11.10 ／？

11.11 ／u：

11.12 ／？：

11.13 ／？

Key terns and concepts

Questions and exercises

12．DIPHTHONGS

12.1 English diphthongs in comparison with PTH and SCH diphthongs

12.2　／e？

12.3　／a？

12.4　／？

12.5　／？

12.6　／？

12.7　／？

12.8　／？

12.9　／？

Key terms and concepts

Questions and exercises

13．WEAK FORMS AND STRONG FORMS

13.1 Weak forms-normal forms

13.2 Features of weak forms

13.3 Conjunctions

13.4 Pronouns

13.5 Verbs

13.6 Determiners

13.8 There

13.7 Prepositions

13.9 Contracted forms

13.10 The use of strong forms

Key terms and concepts

Questions and exercises

14．THE ENGLISH CONSONANTS

14.1 RP consonant system

14.2 English and Chinese consonant systems compared

14.3 Voiced or voiceless？

14.4 Strong and weak consonants

Key terms and concepts

Questions and exercises

15．PLOSIVES

15.1 Three stages of a plosive

15.2 Phonetic and phonemic features of English plosives

15.3 The release stage of English plosives

15.4 Bilabial plosives／p，b

15.5 Alveolar plosives／t，d

15.6 Velar plosives／k，g

Key tems and concepts

Questions and exercises

16.1 Definition

16．AFFRICATES

16.2 General comments

16.3 Palato-alveolar affricates／t？，d？

16.4 Post-alveolar affricates／tr，dr

Key tems and concepts

Questions and exercises

17．FRICATIVES

17.1 Phonetic and phonemic features of English fricatives

17.2 Main deficiancies of Chinese learners

17.3 Labio-dental fricatives／f，v

17.4 Dental fricatives／？，？

17.5 Alveolar fricatives／s，z

17.6 Palato-alveolar fricatives／？，？

17.7 Glottal fricative／h

Key terms and concepts

Questions and exercises

18．NASALS

18.1 The English nasal consonant system

18.2 Some comments on teaching nasals

18.3 Bilabial nasal／m

18.4 Alveolar nasal／n

18.5 Velar nasal／？

18 6 Nasal assimilations

18.7 Sonorant consonants and syllabic nasals

Key terms and concepts

Questions and exercises

19．LATERALS

19.1 The Chinese lateral

19.2 Main allophones of the RP／l／phoneme

19.2.1 Clear〔l〕

19.2.2 Dark〔？〕

19.2.3 Syllabic〔l〕

19.2.4 Devoiced〔？〕

19.3 Alveolar lateral／l

Questions and exercises

Key terms and concepts

20．APPROXIMANTS

20.1 Frictionlessness-the most important thing

20 2 Post-alveolar approximant／r

20.3 Main allophones of／r

20.4 Linking／r／and intrusive／r

20.5 Unrounded palatal semi-vowel ／j

20.6 Main allophones of／j

20.7 Labio-velar semi-vowel／w

20.8 Main allophones of／w

Questions and exercises

Key tems and concepts

21．PHONOTACTICS

21.1 Phonotactics

21.2 The nature of the English syllable

21.3 The structure of the English syllable

21.3.1 Syllable onsets

21.3.2 Syllable terminations

21.4 Pronunciation of-s endings

21.5 Pronunciation of-ed endings

Key terms and concepts

Questions and exercises

22.1 Introduction

22．PHONOLOGICAL RULES

22.2 Phonological rules

22.3 Some English phonemes and their allophones

22.3.1 The allophones of／P

22.3.2 The allophones of／b

22.3.3 The allophones of ／t

22.3.4 The allophones of／d

22.3.5 The allophones of／k

22.3.6 The allophones of／ɡ

22.3.11 The allophones of／z

22.3.10 The allophones of／s

22.3.8 The allophones of／v

22.3.9 The allophones of／？

22.3.7 The allophones of／d？

22.3.12 　The allophones of／m

22.3.13 The allophones of／n

22.3.14 The allophones of／？

Key tems and concepts

Questions and exercises

23．WORD ACCENTUAL PATTERNS

23.1 Accent

23.2 What makes a syllable more prominent？

23.3 Primary and secondary accentuation

23.4 Word accentual patterns

23.5 Compound words

23.6 Accentuation of idiomatic expressions

23.7 The intermediate accent rule

23.8 Chinese word accentual patterns

23.9 Placement of accent within the word

23.9.1 The verb rule

23.9.2 The noun rule

23.9.3 The adjective rule

23.10 Word accent mistakes heard from Chinese learners

Key terms and concepts

Questions and exercises

24．ENGLISH RHYTHM

24.1 Rhythm

24.2 Syllable-timed rhythm and stress-timed rhythm

24.3 Foot

24.4 Influence of rhythm upon the length of RP vowels

24.5 Is Chinese a syllable-timed language？

Key terms and concepts

Questions and exercises

25.2 What is assimilation？

25.1 Introduction

25．NATURALPROCESSES AND DISTINCTIVE FEATURES

25.3 Types of assimilation

25.4 Elision

25.5 Liaison

25.6 Juncture

25.7 Some examples of the Chinese language

25.8 Distinctive features

25.8.1 The major class features

25.8.2 Manner features

25.8.4 Place of articulation features

25.8.3 Tongue body features

25.8.6 Subsidiary features

25.8.7 Prosodic features

25.8.5 Lip shape features

25.9 Natural classes

25.10 Natural processes

Key tems and concepts

Questions and exercises

PART THREE ENGLISH INTONATION

26．INTRODUTION

27.1 Types of nuclear tone

27．NUCLEAR TONES IN RECEIVED

PRONUNCIATION

27.2 Low Fall

27.3 High Fall

27.4 Low Rise

27.5 High Rise

27.6 Fall-Rise

27.7 Fall+Rise

27.8 Rise-Fall

27.10 Nucleus and the nuclear tail

27.9 Mid-Level

Key terms and concepts

Questions and exercises

28．TONE UNIT

28.1 Definition

28.2 How to divide a message into tone units

28.3 Tone unit identification

28.4 Internal structure of the tone unit

28.5 Head patterns

28.5.1 The low head

28.5.2 The high head

28.5.3 The falling head

28.5.4 The rising head

28.6 Pre-heads

28.6.1 The low pre-head

28.6.2 The high pre-head

Key terms and concepts

Questions and exercises

29．ACCENTUAL FUNCTION OF INTONATION

29.1 Types of tonic placement

29.1.1 Neutral tonic

29.1.2 Marked tonic

29.2.1 Tonic placement for emphasis

29.2 Tonic placement rules

29.2.2 Tonic placement for focusing new information

29.2.3 Syntagmatic focus

Key terms and concepts

Questions and exercises

30．GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION OF

INTONATION

30.1 Tonality and tonicity

30.2 Tone

Questions and exercises

Key terns and concepts

3 1．DISCOURSE FUNCTION AND ATTITUDINAL FUNCTION OF INTONATION

31.1 The discourse function of intonation

31.1.1 Tone

31.1.2 Tonicity

31.1.3 Intonational subordination

31.2 The attitudinal function of intonation

31.3 Other devices for signalling attitudes

Key terns and concepts

Questions and exercises

32．TONE SELECTION

32.1 Statements

32.2 Wh-questions

32.3 Yes／No questions

32.4 Tag-questions

32.5 Commands and requests

32.6 Exclamations and greetings

32.7 Emphasis

Key terms and concepts

Questions and exercises

33．TONE SEQUENCES

Key terms and concepts

Questions and exercises

34.1 Grammar and intonation

34．PROBLEMS OF CHINESE STUDENTS IN LEARNING BRITISH ENGLISH INTONATION

34.2 Pitch and accents

34.3 Accents and the nucleus

34.4 Summary

Questions and exercises

APPENDIX Ⅰ Answers to Exercises

APPENDIXⅡ RP Dictation

APPENDIXⅢ Abbreviations

REFERENCES

INDEX（with Chinese translation）

王宗炎后记