CONTENTS

Ⅰ．THE CELL MEMBRANE

1．Fluid mosaic model

（1）Lipid bilayer

（2）Membrane proteins

（3）Cytoskeletons

2．Ionic Channels

（1）Channel configuration

（2）Channel distribution

（3）Channel classification

（4）Channel glycoprotein

3．Sodium-Potassium Pump

（1）Na-K ATPase

（2）Conformational states

（2）Donnan equilibrium

（1）Uneven ion distribution

4．Ion Distribution Across the Membrane

（3）Hydrated ions

5．Electrical Equivalent Circuit Model

（1）Electromotive force

（2）Resistor

（3）Capacitance

（4）Na-K pump

Ⅱ．MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

1．Membrane Permeability

（1）Permeability constant

（2）Constant-field equation

（3）Lipid-solubility

2．Osmosis

（1）Osmotic pressure

（1）Diffusion coefficient

3．Simple Diffusion

（2）Isotonic solution

（2）Nonionic diffusion

4．Carrier-mediated Transport

（1）Facilitated diffusion

（2）Active transport

5．Exocytosis

6．Endocytosis

（1）Phagocytosis

（2）Pinocytosis

（3）Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Ⅲ．MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

1．Resting Membrane Potential

（1）Charge separation

（2）De-and hyperpolarization

（1）K diffusion

2．Potassium Equilibrium Potential

（2）K Nernst potential

3．Polyionic Membrane Potential

（1）Na and K diffusion

（2）Goldman equation

4．Nongated Channel Activity

（1）Passive INa and IK

（1）Na-K pump counteraction

5．Active Ion Pumping

（2）Passive IC？

（2）Na-K pump electrogenesis

（3）Cl and Cl pump contribution

Ⅳ．MEMBRANE EXCITATION

1．Electrotonus

（1）Electrotonic potential

（2）Membrane time constant

（3）Membrane space constant

（1）Near threshold stimuli

2．Threshold

（2）Local response

（3）Accommodation

3．Action Potentials

（1）Spike potential

（2）Atterpotentials

4．Na Equilibrium Potential

（1）Membrane depolarization

（2）Membrane repolarization

（3）Na Nernst potential

5．Na and K Conductances

（1）Active membrane current

（2）Nerve impulse model

（3）Electrical equivalent circuit

6．Voltage Gating

（1）Gating current

（2）Activation and inactivation

（3）All or none opening

7．Impulse Propagation

（1）Electrotonic spread

（2）Local circuit current

（3）Conduction velocity

（4）Saltatory conduction

（5）Compound action potentials

8．Refractoriness

（1）Sodium inactivation

（2）Calcium contribution

（3）Refractory periods

Ⅴ．JUNCTIONAL TRANSMISSION

1．The Neuromuscular Junction

（1）Presynaptic terminals

（2）Postsynaptic receptors

（1）Calcium influx

2．Presynaptic ACh Release

（2）Quantal release

3．Postsynaptic ACh Receptors

（1）Membrane glycoprotein

（2）Amino acid homologies

4．Chemically-gated Channels Activity

（1）Junctional gNa and gK

（2）Junctional equivalent circuit

（3）End-plate potential

Ⅵ．MUSCULAR CONTRACTION

1．The Skeletal Muscle

（1）Muscle filaments

（2）Sarcotubular system

（3）Equivalent mechanical model

2．The Sliding Filament Theory

（1）Sarcomere shortening

（2）Cross-bridge formation

3．Excitation-Contraction Coupling

（1）Muscle action potential

（2）Action potential spreading

（3）Calcium release

（4） Calcium switch

（5）Calcium storage

（6）Calcium pump

4．Muscle Mechanics

（1）Isometric,isotonic and auxotonic contraction

（2）Force-velocity relationship

（3）Tension-length relationship

5．Muscle Energetics

（1）Muscle heat production

（2）ATP hydrolysis

（3）Myosin ATPase activity

REFERENCES