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内容简介
1 The fact of language change
1.1 Boris Becker's observation
1.2 English then and now
1.3 Attitudes to language change
1.4 The inevitability of change
Further reading
Exercises
2 Lexical and semantic change
2.1 Borrowing
2.2 Phonological treatment of loans
2.3 Morphological treatment of loans
2.4 Formation of new words
2.5 Change in word-meaning
Exercises
Further reading
3 Phonological change Ⅰ:Change in pronunciation
3.1 The phonetic basis of phonological change
3.2 Assimilation and dissimilation
3.3 Lenition and fortition
3.4 Addition and removal of phonetic features
3.5 Vowels and syllable structure
3.6 Whole-segment processes
3.7 The regularity issue:a first look
3.8 Summary
Further reading
Exercises
4 Phonological change Ⅱ:Change in phonological systems
4.1 Conditioning and rephonologization
4.2 Phonological space
4.3 Chain shifts
4.4 Phonological change as rule change
4.5 Summary
Further reading
Exercises
5 Morphological change
5.1 Reanalysis
5.2 Analogy and levelling
5.3 Universal principles of analogy
5.4 Morphologization
5.5 Morphologization of phonological rules
5.6 Change in morphological type
Further reading
Exercises
6.1 Reanalysis of surface structure
6 Syntactic change
6.2 Shift of markedness
6.3 Grammaticalization
6.4 Typological harmony
6.5 Case study:the rise of ergativity
6.6 Syntactic change as restructuring of grammars
Further reading
Exercises
7 Relatedness between languages
7.1 The origin of dialects
7.2 Dialect geography
7.3 Genetic relationships
7.4 Tree model and wave model
7.5 The language families of the world
Exercises
Further reading
8 The comparative method
8.1 Systematic correspondences
8.2 Comparative reconstruction
8.3 Pitfalls and limitations
8.4 The Neogrammarian Hypothesis
8.5 Semantic reconstruction
8.6 The use of typology and universals
8.7 Reconstructing grammar
8.8 The reality of proto-languages
Further reading
Exercises
9 Internal reconstruction
9.1 A first look at the internal method
9.2 Alternations and internal reconstruction
9.3 Case study:the laryngeal theory of PIE
9.4 Internal reconstruction of grammar and lexicon
Further reading
Exercises
10 The origin and propagation of change
10.1 The Saussurean paradox
10.2 Variation and social stratification
10.3 Variation as the vehicle of change
10.4 Lexical diffusion
10.5 Near-mergers
10.6 A closing note
Further reading
Exercises
11.1 Language contact
11 Contact and the birth and death of languages
11.2 Linguistic areas
11.3 Language birth:pidgins and creoles
11.4 Language death
11.5 Language planning
Further reading
Exercises
12 Language and prehistory
12.1 Etymology
12.2 Place names
12.3 Linguistic palaeontology
12.4 Links with archaeology
12.5 Statistical methods
Exercises
Further reading
13 Very remote relations
13.1 The mainstream view
13.2 A brief history of remote proposals
13.3 The Nostratic hypothesis
13.4 Greenberg's multilateral comparisons
13.5 Towards an evaluation of the macro-families
13.6 Towards Proto-World?
13.7 The early spread of people and languages
13.8 Worldwide loan words?
Further reading
Exercises
Appendix:The Swadesh 200-word list
References
Index
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