PART I：Basic Notions

1 Defining Pragmatics

1．1 Preliminaries

1．1．1 A look at history

1．1．2 The importance of being a user

1．2 Pragmatics：Definition and Delimitation

1．2．1 A definition

1．2．2 Component，perspective of function?

1．2．2．1 Component vs．perspective

1．2．2．2 Function

1．3．1 Theory and practice

1．3 What Use is Pragmatics?

1．3．2 Uses and aims

1．3．2．1 Why do we need pragmatics?

Preface by Halliday

王宗炎序

1．3．2．2 The aims of pragmatics

Preface by Chomsky

2．1 The Pragmatic Waste-basket

2 Some Issues in Pragmatics

2．2 Linguists Without Borders

沈家煊序

2．3Philosophers，Ordinary People and Ordinary Language

2．4 Of Cats and Ducks

导读

2．5 Linguistics and Reality：Presupposition

2．6 A World of Users

Preface

PART II：Micropragmatics

3．1 Context

3．1．1 The dynamic context

3 Context，Implicature and Reference

3．1．2 Context and convention

3．2 Implicature

3．2．1 What is an implicature?

3．2．2 Implications and implicatures

3．2．3 Conversational implicature

3．2．4 Conventional implicature

3．3 Reference and Anaphora

3．3．1 On referring

3．3．2 Reference，indexicals and deictics

3．3．3 From deixis to anaphora

4．1 Principles and Rules

4 Pragmatic Principles

4．2．1 The Communicative Principle

4．2 Some Principles Discussed

4．2．2 The Cooperative principle

4．2．2．1 Dostoyevski and the rubber ball

4．2．2．2 Cooperation and ‘face’

4．2．2．3 Cooperation and ‘flouting’

4．2．3 Politeness and other virtues

4．3 Rethinking Grice

4．3．1 Horn s two principles

4．3．2 Relevance and‘conspicuity’

5．1．1 Why speech acts?

5 Speech Acts

5．1 History and Introduction

5．1．2 Language in use

5．1．3 How speech acts function

5．2 Promises

5．2．1 A speech act s physiognomy：promising

5．2．1．1 Introduction：the problem

5．2．1．2 Promises：conditions and rules

5．2．1．3 The pragmatics of rules

5．3．1 The number of speech acts

5．3 Speech Act Verbs

5．3．2 Speech acts，speech act verbs and performativity

5．3．3 Speech acts without SAVs

5．4 Indirect Speech Acts

5．4．1 Recognizing indirect speech acts

5．4．2 The ten steps of Searle

5．4．3 The pragmatic view

5．5 Classifying Speech Acts

5．5．1 The illocutionary verb fallacy

5．5．2 Searle s classification of speech acts

5．5．2．3Commissives

5．5．2．1 Representatives

5．5．2．2 Directives

5．5．2．4 Expressives

5．5．2．5Declarations

5．5．3 Austin and Searle

6 Conversation Analysis

6．1 Conversation and Context

6．2 From Speech Acts to Conversation

6．3 What Happens in Conversation?

6．3．1．1 The beginnings of CA

6．3．1 How is conversation organized?

6．3．1．2 Turns and turn-taking

6．3．1．3 Previewing TRPs

6．3．2 How does conversation mean?

6．3．2．1 Pre-sequences

6．3．2．2 Insertion sequences，‘smileys’and repairs

6．3．2．3 Preference

6．3．3 From form to content

6．3．3．1 Cohesion and coherence

6．3．3．2 Adjacency pairs and content

6．3．3．3 Types and coherence

6．3．3．4 Conversation and speech acts

PART III：Macropragmatics

7 Metapragmatics

7．1 Object Language and Metalanguage

7．2 Pragmatics and Metapragmatics

7．2．1 Three views of metapragmatics

7．2．2 I Metacheory

7．2．2．1 Rules

7．2．2．2 Principles and maxims：the case for economy

7．2．3．1 General constraints

7．2．3 II Constraining conditions

7．2．3．2 Presuppositions

7．2．3．3 Speech acts and discourse

7．2．3．4 Worlds and words

7．2．4 III Indexing

7．2．4．1 Reflexivity and Simple indexing

7．2．4．2 Invisible indexing and indexicality

8 Pragmatic Acts

8．1 What Are Pragmatic Acts All About?

8．2 Some Cases

8．3．1 Co-opting，denying and the CIA

8．3 Defining a Pragmatic Act

8．3．2 ‘Setting up’

8．3．3 Pragmatic acts and speech acts

8．3．4 Pragmatic acts and action theory

8．4 Pragmatic Acts in Context

8．4．1 The common scene

8．4．2 Situated speech acts

8．4．3 Pragmatic acts and body moves

8．4．4 Pragmatic acts as social empowerment

9 Literary Pragmatics

9．1 Introduction：Author and Reader

9．2 Author and Narrator

9．3 Textual Mechanisms

9．3．1 Reference

9．3．2 Tense

9．3．3 Discourse

9．4 Voice and ‘Point of View’

9．5 Reading as a Pragmatic Act

10 Pragmatics Across Cultures

10．1 Introduction：What Is the Problem?

10．2 Pragmatic Presuppositions in Culture

10．3 Ethnocentricity and its Discontents

10．4 Cases in Point

10．4．1 Politeness and conversation

10．4．2 Cooperation and conversation

10．4．3 Addressivity

10．4．3．1 Forms of address

10．4．3．2 Social deixis

10．4．4 Speech acts across cultures：the voice of silence

11 Social Aspects of Pragmatics

11．1 Linguistics and Society

11．1．1 Introduction

11．1．2．1 Who s（not）afraid of the Big Bad Test?

11．1．2 Language in education

11．1．2．2 A matter of privilege

11．1．3 The language of the media

11．1．4 Medical language

11．2 Wording the World

11．2．1 Metaphors and other dangerous objects

11．2．2 The pragmatics of metaphoring

11．3 Pragmatics and the Social Struggle

11．3．1 Language and manipulation

11．3．2 Emancipatory language

11．3．3 Language and gender

11．3．4 Critical pragmatics

11．3．4．1 What is‘critical’?

11．3．4．2 ‘Critical pragmatics’：the Lancaster school

11．3．4．3 Power and naturalization

11．4 Conclusion

Epilogue：Of Silence and Comets

Notes

References

Subject Index

Name Index

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