Preface

Chapter 1 The Internet Has Arrived

The World Is Changing

Numbers Do Not Tell The Story

Learning About The Internet

Understanding The Big Picture

Terininology And Technology

Growth And Adaptability

The Impact Of The Internet

Organization Of The Book

A Personal Note

Chapter 2 Getting Started: Hands-On Experience

Introduction

Using A Browser

Web Browsers and Browsing

The Web: Sites And Pages

Examples Of Wed Sites And Services

Summary

PART I Introduction To Networking

Chapter 3 Telephones Everywhere

Introduction

A Communication Service

Selling Communication

Limited Access

High Cost

The Difficult Transition

Ubiquitous Access

Relevance To The Internet

Sound, Vibrations, And Analog Recording

Chapter 4 The World Was Once Analog

Introduction

Analog Electronic Devices

Many Electronic Devices Are Analog

The First Analog Communication

Analog Is Simple But Inaccurate

Sending An Analog Signal Across A Wire

Digital Music

The Digital Revolution

Computers Are Digital

Digital Recording

Using Digital To Recreate Analog

Why Digital Music?

Summary

The World Was Once Digital

Chapter 5 The Once And Future Digital Network

Introduction

A Telegraph Is Digital

Morse Code

Letters And Digits In Morse Code

Users Did Not Encounter Morse Code

Virtually Instant Communication

Speed Is Relative

The Telephone Became Digital

Televance To The Internet

Binary Encoding Of Data On The Internet

Why Use Two Symbols?

Summary

Introduction

Communication Using Electricity

Chapter 6 Basic Communication

Signals On Wires

Information Coding

Modems Allow Two-Way Traffic

A Character Code For Digital Information

Detecting Errors

Summary

Chapter 7 The Local Area Network Arrives

Introduction

Motivation

Interchangeable Media

A Computer Consists Of Circuit Boards

Circuit Boards Plug Into A Computer

Connecting One Computer To Another

LAN Technologies

Connecting A Computer To A LAN

The Importance Of LAN Technology

Relationship To The Internet

PARR II A Brief History Of The Internet

Chapter 8 Internet: The Early Years

Many Independent Networks

The Proliferation Of LANs

Facts About LANs

LANs Are Incompatible

Wide Area Technologies Exist

Few WANs, Many LANs

WANs and LANs Are Incompatible

The Desirability Of A Single Network

The Department Of Defense Had Multiple Networks

The ARPANET Backbone

Connecting Disconnected Machines

The Internet Emerges

Internet Software

The Name Is TCP/IP

The Shock Of An Open System

Open Systems Are Necessary

TCP/IP Documentation Is Online

The Military Adopts TCP/IP

Summary

A Personal Note

Chapter 9 Two Decades Of Incredible Growth

Introduction

Disseminating The Software

Meanwhile, Back In Computer Science

The Internet Meets UNIX

The Internet Doubles In Size In One Year

The U.S. Military Makes A Commitment

Every Computer Science Department

Graduate Students Volunteer Their Time

The IAB evolves

The IETF

Doubling Again In A Year

The Internet Improves Science

NSF Takes A Leadership Role

Target: All Of Science And Engineering

NSF s Approach

The NSFNET Backbone

The ANS Backbone

Exponential Growth

The End Of Growth

A Commercial Assessment

Introduction

Early ARPA Networks

Electronic Mail Among Computers

Chapter 10 The Global Internet

BITNET And FIDONET

Networks In Europe

EBONE: The Internet In Europe

Backbones And Internet Hierarchy

Internet On All Continents

The World Of Internet after 1998

A Personal Note

Introduction

Existing Infrastructure

Chapter 11 A Global Information Infrastructure

Communication Infrastructure

The Internet Infrastructure

The Internet Offers Diverse Information Services

TCP/IP Provides Communication Facilities

A Personal Note

PART III How The Internet Works

Chapter 12 Packet Switching

Introduction

Sharing Saves Money

Sharing Introduces Delays

Sharing Wires

Selectable Channels

Sharing By Taking Turns

Computers Have Addresses

Each Packet Must Be Labeled

Packet Switching Avoids Delays

Packets Are Not All The Same Size

Packet Transmission Seems Instantaneous

Sharing Is Automatic

Network Hardware Handles Sharing

Many Devices Can Use Packet Switching

Relevance To The Internet

Summary

Chapter 13 Internet: A Network Of Networks

Introduction

Network Technologies Are Incompatible

Coping With Incompatibility

Two Fundamental Concepts

Using A Computer To Interconnect Networks

Interconnecting Computers Are Called Routers

Interconnecting Computers Pass Packets

Routers Are The Building Blocks Of The Internet

Routers Accommodate Multiple Types Of Networks

Routers Can Interconnect WANs And LANs

Interconnecting Networks Was Revolutionary

Summary

Chapter 14 ISPs And Network Connections

Introduction

Internet Service Providers And Fees

Customer Connections Form The Last Mile

Leased Circuits Are Expensive

Most Individuals Choose Dial-up Access

The Important Concept Of Continuous Connectivity

Instantaneous Access Changes Use

Newer Technologies Offer Inexpensive Dedicated Access

A Personal Note

Wireless Can Reach Everyone

Chapter 15 IP: Software To Create A Virtual Network

Introduction

Protocol: An Agreement For Communication

Basic Functionality: The Internet Protocol

IP Software On Every Machine

Internet Packets Are Called Datagrams

The Illusion Of A Giant Network

The Reality Of Internal Structure

Datagrams Travel In Packets

Every Computer Is Assigned A Unique Address

An Odd IP Address Syntax

IP Addresses Are Not Random

Internet Addresses

An Example Trip Through The Internet

Summary

Chapter 16 TCP: Software For Rellable Communication

Introduction

A Packet Switching System Can Be Overrun

TCP Helps IP Guarantee Delivery

TCP Provides A Connection Between Computer Programs

The Magic Of Recovering Lost Datagrams

TCP Retransmission Is Automatic

TCP And IP Work Together

Summary

Chapter 17 Clients+Servers=Distributed Computing

Introduction

Large Computers Use Networks For Input And Output

Distributed Computing On The Internet

Small Computers Use Networks To Interact

A Single Paradigm Explains All Distributed Computing

Programs Are Clients Or Servers

A Server Must Always Run

Summary

Chapter 18 Names For Computers

Introduction

People Prefer Names To Numbers

Naming A Computer Can Be Difficult Or Fun

Computer Names Must Be Unique

Suffixes On Computer Names

Names With Many Parts

Domain Names Outside The US

Translating A Name To An Equivalent IP Address

Computer Name Lookup Is Automatic

Domain Name System Works Like Directory Assistance

IP Addresses And Domain Names Are Unrelated

Summary

Chapter 19 Why The Internet Works Well

Introduction

The Internet Works Well

IP Provides Flexibility

TCP Provides Reliability

TCP/IP Software Was Engineered For Efficiency

TCP/IP Research Emphasized Practical Results

The Formula For Success

Summary

Description Of Functionality

Introduction

Chapter 20 Electronic Mail

PART IV Services Available On The Internet

The Best Of All Worlds

Each User Has A Mailbox For E-mail

Sending An E-mail Message

Notification That E-mail has Arrived

Reading An E-mail Message

E-mail Messages Look Like Interoffice Memos

E-mail Software Fills In Header Information

How E-mail Works

Using E-mail From A Personal Computer

Mailbox Address Format

Abbreviations Make E-mail Friendly

Aliases Permit Arbitrary Abbreviations

Sending To Multiple Recipients

Aliases Shared By All Users Of A Computer System

Mailing List: An Alias for Multiple Recipients

Public Mailing Lists And Mail Exploders

E-mail To And From Non-Internet Sites

Access To Services Via E-mail

Speed, Reliability, And Expectations

Impact And Significance Of Electronic Mail

Joining A Mailing List

Chapter 21 Bulletin Board Service (Network News)

Introduction

Description Of Functionality

Many Bulletin Boards With Diverse Topics

Network News

Newsgroup Names

Obtaining Network News And The Software To Read Articles

How Network News Appears To A User

Checking For News Articles

Article Expiration

Reading Network News

Selecting Articles

Subscribing And Unsubscribing To Newsgroups

Submitting An Article

Moderated Newsgroups

Size Of Network News

How Network News Works

Redundant Newsfeeds And Duplcate Elimination

Relationship Between Netnews And Electronic Mail

Impact And Significance Of Network News And Mailing Lists

Hints And Conventions For Participating In Discussions

Summary

Chapter 22 Browsing The World Wide Web

Introduction

Description Of Functionality

Browsing Vs. Information Retrieval

Early Browsing Services Used Menus

A Menu Item Can Point To Another Computer

How A Browser Works

An Example Point-And-Click Interface

Combining Menu Items With Text

The Importance Of Integrated Menus

Menus Embedded In Text Are Called Hypertext

Multimedia

Video And Audio References Can Be Embedded In Text

Browser Software Used To Access The Web

The World Wide Web

An Example Hypermedia Display

Control Of The Browser

External References

Recording The Location Of Information

Bookmarks

How The World Wide Web Works

A URL Tells A Browser Which Computer To Contact

A URL Tells A Browser Which Server To Contact

Use Of The Name WWW In URLs

A Browser Provides Access To Multiple Services

Inside A Browser Program

Summary

An Observation About Hypermedia Browsing

Display Hardware Varies

Chapter 23 World Wide Web Documents (HTML)

Introduction

A Browser Translates And Display A Web Document

A Consequence Of The Web Approach

HTML, The Language Used For Web Documents

Instructions In A Web Page Control The Output

A Web Page Is Divided Into Two Main Sections

Indentation Can Make HTML Readable

The Body Of A Web Page Can Contain Text

Indentation Can Make Paragraphs Easier To Find

A Web Page Can Link To Another Page

HTML Allows Numbered And Unnumbered Lists

Images On A Web Page Are Digital

HTML Allows A Web Page To Include An Image

Text Can Appear Adjacent To An Image

Images Can Link To Another Web Page

Some Browsers Can Stretch Or Shrink Images

The Background Can Be Controlled

Other Features Of HTML

Importance Of HTML

GUI Tools Help With Web Page Creation

Summary

Chapter 24 Advanced Web Technologies (Forms, Frames, Plugins, CGI, Java, JavaScript)

Introduction

Conventional Web Pages Are Static

How A Server Stores Static Web Pages

Fetching Items One At A Time

Conventional Web Pages Use The Entire Screen

A Web Page Can Change Part Of the Screen

The Web, Advertising, And Frames

Static Document Have Disadvantages

Controlling How A Browser Processes Data

Plugins Allow Variety

A Server Can Compute A Web Page On Demand

How CGL Works

Professional Programmers Build CGI Programs

Personalized Web Pages

Personalized Advertisements

Web Pages Can Interact

Shopping Carts

Cookies

Should You Accept Cookies?

A Web Page Can Display Simple Animations

Active Documents Are More Powerful

JavaScript Is An Active Document Technology

Java Is An Active Document Technology

The Importance Of Advanced Web Technologies

Chapter 25 Automated Web Search (Search Engines)

Introduction

Description Of Functionality

Browsing Vs. Automated Searching

A Search Engine Helps Users Get Started

A Search Tool Can Help Recover From Loss

Automated Searching By Name

How An Automated Search Service Operates

Modern Systems Search Web Page Contents

How A Web Search Appears To A User

How A Search Engine Returns Results

Automated Search Services Use String Matching

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of String Matching

Advanced Search Programs That Use Multiple Keys

Aevanced Services Offer More Sophisticated Matching

Personalized Search Results

How An Automated Content Search Works

Searches Are Restricted

Advertising Pays For Searching

Examples Of Automated Search Services

Significance Of Automated Web Search

Chapter 26 Audlo And Video Communication

Introduction

Description Of Functionality

Audio And Video Require Special Hardware

Real-Time Means No Delay

Internet Audio In Real-Time

An Audio Clip Resembles An Audio CD

Radio Programs On The Internet

Real-Time Transmission Is Called Webcasting

Internet Telephone Service Is Possible

Audio Teleconferencing

A Cooperative Document Markup Service

Marking A Document

The Participants Discuss And Mark A Document

Video Teleconferencing

Video Teleconference Among Groups Of People

A Combined Audio, Video, And Whiteboard Service

Summary

A Personal Note

Sending A Fax

Introduction

Chapter 27 Faxes And Files (FTP)

The Internet Can Be Used To Copy Files

Data Stored In Files

Copying A File

FTP IS Interactive

Example FTP Commands

A User Can Store Or Retrieve A File

Commands For Binary And Text File Format

Choosing ASCII or Binary Transfer

Commands For Authorization And Anonymous FTP

A Browser Can Use FTP

How FTP Works

Impact And Significance Of FTP

Summary

Early Computers Used Textual Interfaces

Introduction

Chapter 28 Remote Login And Remote Desktops (TELNET)

A Timesharing System Requires User Identification

Remote Login Resembles Conventional Login

How Remote Login Works

Escaping From Remote Login

Displays And Windows

The Internet Remote Login Standard Is TELNET

Remote Access Can Display A Desktop

How Remote Desktops Operate

Assessment Of Remote Login And Desktops

Remote Access Is General

Generality Makes Remote Login And Desktops Powerful

Remots Access Accommodates Multiple Types Of Computers

Summary

Unexpected Results From Remote Access

Chapter 29 Facilities For Secure Communication

Introduction

The Internet Is Unsecure

Lack Of Security Can Be Important

Authentication And Privacy Are Primary Problems

Data May Be Changed

Encoding Keeps Messages Private

Computer Encryption Uses Mathematics

No Network Is Absolutely Secure

Encryption Makes E-mail Private

Encryption Software Needs A Key

Two Keys Means Never Having To Trust Anyone

Secure E-Mail In Practice

Summary

E-Commerce Is Big Business

Chapter 30 Electronic Commerce And Business

Introduction

Security Made E-Commerce Possible

Secure Sockets

Public Key Encryption Provides Authenticity

Digital Signatures

Certificates Contain Public Keys

What Is Digital Money?

Digital Cash Is Not Widely Available

Business And E-Commerce

A Business Must Protect Its Networks

Firewalls Protect Networks

A Firewall Filters Packets

Firewalls Guard Against Trojan Horses

A Cornucopia Of Services

Chapter 31 The Global Digital Library

Introduction

New Services Appear Regularly

Flexibility Permits Change

A Digital Library

Card Catalogs And Search Tools

Internet Services Can Be Integrated

Mr. Dewey, Where Are You?

Information In The Digital Library

What Is The Internet?

A Personal Note

Appendix 1 Example Netnews Newsgroups

Appendix 2 Glossary Of Internet Terms

Index